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Why do we need Charter of Economic Stability?

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Why do we need Charter of Economic Stability?

If political parties want to win trust of private sector then they will have to agree on rules of economic governance
Ali Salman | April 25, 2023

In his recent public speech, Pakistan’s prominent economist and institutional reforms advocate Dr Ishrat Husain claimed that all major political parties have broadly similar economic manifestos, and they already agree on economic policies such as progressive taxation, open trade and privatization.

The implication is that there is no need for a formal Charter of Economy to be signed by political parties and therefore all they need to do is to focus on implementation. While this is an appealing argument in the first look, there is a basic problem.

Before they signed the Charter of Democracy, Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) also had written commitment to democratic principles and people’s right to choose their government. However, in practice, they were actively engaged in dislodging the other party by unconstitutional moves throughout the 1990s culminating in the Martial Law in the end.

Once they developed an agreement on democratic practices, by signing the Charter of Democracy in 2006, they actually changed their behaviour. Both parties remained firm to this commitment from 2008 to 2018.

Even though their prime ministers were not allowed to complete their terms, it was a result of judicial intervention, which is now widely believed to be politically motivated and backed up by the military establishment.

These parties also developed consensus on transformative constitutional changes such as the 18th amendment. They also fought, successfully, the menace of terrorism.

While all major political parties today may have siilar economic manifestos, in practice, their policies have differed a great deal. This is the root cause of economic instability, which has fed into deepening economic woes for the public and businesses at large.

We can always debate on the merits and demerits of these policies, but clearly major changes were made in short periods of time, causing distress and uncertainty.

This variability, whether driven by good motives or political gains, needs to be significantly reduced, if Pakistan wants any shot at the prospects of economic development. We need to reduce the discretionary powers and develop rules of governance.

A Charter of Economy, narrowly focused on economic governance, provides the platform for developing consensus among political parties to ensure certainty.

If political parties want to win the trust of private sector, which everyone agrees is the primary source of job creation, then they will have to agree on rules of economic governance.

In the absence of this agreement, there is a real chance of erosion of general confidence in the entire political process. Recently statements like boycott of general elections – sans a charter – have been made by prominent business associations of the country.

The basic components for bringing agreement on economic governance should include: public spending, taxation system, monetary policy, state-owned enterprises, and trade policy.

We can’t afford changes in these policies every year. There is no way a country can attract a serious level of investment if major changes are brought in these policies.

PML-N successfully doubled the electricity generation capacity through the IPPs. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government practically sabotaged this instead of finding ways to improve it and take benefit.

The PTI government launched a new mobile phone assembly policy, which resulted in setting up of 30-plus plants and job creation. Import restrictions by the PML-N shattered the industry.

The PML-N government, in 2017-18, brought down tax rates significantly, which were reversed the very next year by the PTI government. These are just a few examples.

When India started its journey of economic liberalisation in 1989, it never looked back despite sweeping changes in its political landscape over the last three decades. It is now bearing fruit of this certainty.

In the last nine years, India has received close to $500 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), which is greater than the FDI it received since its independence.

We do need Charter of Economy and develop minimum consensus on rules around public spending, taxation rates and monetary stability. It is in the interest of all major political parties which have stakes in Islamabad to sit down and develop an agreement on these policies.

Then they can go to the electorate and contest in the democratic space based on their leadership credibility. People ultimately vote for credibility and not by reading manifestos.

The Charter of Economy should be developed with debate amongst the academia, think tanks, private sector and politicians, which is not taking place.

Politicians hardly come to deliberations organised publicly for serious debate except for ceremonial addresses. Think tanks and academia remain confined to their comfort zones and talking to each other. Media is driven by either state priorities or corporate interests of the owners.

The space of a structured debate is simply non-existent. A first step can be to organise these debates and create this space. Probably standing committees in the Senate and National Assembly can provide a starting point.

Also, just like political parties are forming committees to deliberate on the election schedule, they should also form such committees to deliberate on Pakistan’s Charter of Economy.

This Article was Originally Published In Express Tribune, on April 25, 2023.

Tim Hortons Vs the intellectual elite of Pakistan

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

Tim Hortons Vs Pakistan's intellectual elite

Most recently, Ms. Iqra Munawar, an associate of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) wrote an article criticizing the culture of our people, basing it upon the long queues in front of Tim Horton in its opening week.

In her article, and keep in mind that this is written by a member of an elite economic policy institute, Ms. Iqra observes that Pakistanis are not as poor as we might think because they line up in queues when a new food franchise opens. She refers to this as Slavery to Western brands and a colonial syndrome.

She says that on one hand, people are dying due to lack of necessities, while other people are enjoying what may be considered expensive coffee. She goes on to say that the unequal distribution of wealth in the country is the cause of suffering and distribution for the poverty-stricken masses. She says that the rich are getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer, and Tim Horton is to blame.

Not so fast.

Banana Republic, Coffee Republic, Waghera, Waghera

Blaming bad culture, loose morals, and weak ethics have been a staple of economic thinkers from the Left. The scarcity of empiricism in an argument is usually dealt with through excessive emotion and the raising of one strawman after the other. Economists should keep to economics instead of becoming pseudo phycologists parading around in
the guise of an economist.

This country has a history of producing bad economists; economists who want to nationalize private industry, and those who wish to impose the countless taxes on income and wealth. When an economist does their job, the emergent systems are elegant and functional, not falling apart in their complexity.

Pakistan is not in the IMF program not because of the bad spending habits of the so-called elites. This credit goes to the bad fiscal management of the government of Pakistan. And while the government of Pakistan may not have a choice other than to pass on its burdens to its people, Ms. Iqra is under no such obligation.

My line is better than yours

Is a queue on the opening day of Tim Horton’s better, worse or the same as a queue in front of the Pakistan brand Khaddi in every seasonal sale? Or is the queue in front of Tim Horton’s better, worse, or the same as the queue in front of NADRA or the Passport office?

Any economist worth their salt would not equate inequality to poverty. That relationship simply does not exist. While a politically popular point, our economists (at least a vast majority of them) can be seen insisting that this is real economics. This is the same rhetoric that caused the rise and fall of so many socialist nations of the past.

There is no doubt that at present many people are struggling with inflationary pressures. But let us not forget that the source of this inflationary pressure is our expensive imports, and no one is to blame for this than our own government’s misguided economic policies. Many people have lost their jobs during this time, and previously during COVID because their employers have lost their businesses or have had to scale down. As best as I can tell, everyone is getting poorer.

To be fair, Tim Horton’s makes reasonably good coffee, an affordable option for most of the rest of the world. Now even if one puts aside the fact that the Lahore franchise of Tim Horton’s is owned by a Pakistani, it would be great if our economists can shed some light on local alternatives, substitutes, or replacements for it. I mean, we don’t grow coffee in Pakistan, we don’t have any significant domestic brands, and why would we when there is barely any mass culture for drinking it here?

The country is going bankrupt and kids are drinking Coffee

All the criticism over Tim Horton’s issue is basically directed toward youngsters and young adults from middle or upper-middle income families because these were most represented in those legendary queues.

These people are not the capitalist elite of this country. In a country where it is virtually impossible to do business, the only elite possible here is the political elite, and their close cousins, the intellectual elite. And trust me when I say that the halls of PIDE, and other government institutions including Aitchison, and IBA are full of the latter. And guess what, people stand in lines to get access to these institutions as well.

I wonder which line is superior and which is inferior. I wonder in what ways Pakistan’s bureaucratic culture or the culture of the socialist left offers better judgment than the many linguistic, regional, religious, and nationalistic cultures of our motherland.

Such rhetoric is offensive to the people of Pakistan, and outrightly dangerous social/ drawing room talking point.

The writer Syed Ali Ehsan is Program Director at PRIME

Pakistan’s oily disposition

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

Pakistan’s oily disposition

It’s real reason of potential default as govt needs dollars for oil imports
Ali Salman/Syed Ali Ehsan | April 03, 2023

Only last year when everyone was worried about the current account deficit, the Policy Research Institute of Market Economy noted that the root of the problem lay within the fiscal deficit and not the import of luxury items as usually blamed.​​

Hardly 10% of Pakistan’s imports can be considered non-essential from a public perspective.

At present, several scholars have come to agree that the fiscal deficit is exerting pressure on the current account. It was never the entire economy of the country, which was running out of dollars, it was just the government. And why would the government of Pakistan need dollars, you may ask?

Everyone likes to blame the economic pressure on the government on military spending or high interest payments on external debt. But the real answer is Pakistan State Oil (PSO). PSO is going bankrupt. It does not have money to import oil.

On March 21, the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the cabinet approved a grant of $100 million to help PSO through its financial crunch. This was in response to a formal “SOS call” after a technical default.

The grant is meant to abate the repercussions, but for how long? A few days prior to this, PSO had asked the Finance Division to introduce a new petroleum levy of Rs10 per litre to help it through the financial mess.

In addition, in order to enable PSO to remain afloat in its payment obligations to LNG suppliers and to continue the LNG supply chain, the ECC has allowed a sovereign guarantee in favour of SNGPL for commercial borrowing of Rs50 billion on an immediate basis.

PSO’s receivables have now reached the level of Rs762 billion since June 30, 2022. Receivables from SNGPL currently stand at Rs494 billion.

SNGPL is another state-owned enterprise which has failed to function sustainably despite timely payments by its residential, commercial and industrial consumers. This is despite the fact that when the government must prioritise the opening of LCs, PSO comes first and then everyone else. It all falls upon the consumer, as usual.

PSO had a monopoly over oil imports all the way from 1974 till 2000. Since then, from a share of 100% of imports, PSO now imports approximately 65% of the total.

Its share in consumer markets has been constantly falling despite having the largest marketing and distribution network in the industry.

So what happens when I want to buy oil? I go to someone who has it. Where do they get their oil from? They buy it in the international oil market using their own dollar reserves.

So what happens when I want to buy oil in Pakistan? I go to someone who has it 65% of the time, that someone will be PSO.

PSO imports oil using dollars from the government of Pakistan. And then we are surprised when the government runs out of dollars. Despite reducing the current account deficit by banning or discouraging most types of imports, the country is still at risk of default.

There is more to it. Oil is the government’s leading source of indigenous revenue. This is basically how the government converts a portion of its foreign exchange reserves into tax revenues in PKR. What happens here?

While this may not be corruption in the traditional sense, it signals that the rules governing this industry have become corrupted. The state and state-run corporations are running a mutually rewarding scheme at the cost of general welfare.

The public sector is a bottomless pit, as it can consume all resources put into it. We must understand that organisations without a profit motive will never be geared towards efficiency, and they will always waste their money.

If there is excess cash, the government will hire temporary employees that the court will never allow to become redundant. If there is a large amount of time to perform a simple task, the government will increase the complexity of the task to fill the time.

Governments with so much involvement in economics would go bankrupt from sustainability issues.

You see, Pakistan’s biggest threat from default has nothing to do with us running out of food. We grow basic food crops which can help us sustain ourselves on our own.

But if we can’t import oil, we won’t be able to run our transportation, industrial, energy or household sectors. The whole economy will come to a grinding halt. And we would have to say goodbye to our modern way of living.

We would still survive, but the point is, is this any way to live? And more importantly, is this any way to run a government?​

The writers are affiliated with Policy Research Institute of Market Economy (PRIME), an independent economic think tank

This Article was Originally Published in The Express Tribune, on April 4th, 2023.

5 Ways Government of Pakistan Hampers Free Trade

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

5 Ways Government Hampers Free Trade

Pakistan is a country that has traditionally struggled to achieve economic growth, and international trade has often been seen as a key driver of development. However, despite the potential benefits of trade, the Pakistani government has been criticized for placing restrictions on trade, hindering economic growth and development.

If you are more interested in solutions, check out the section on Free Markets, Trade and Price Controls in the Pakistan Charter of Economy

Import Tariffs

Pakistan imposes high import tariffs on a wide range of goods, including raw materials, capital goods, and consumer goods. These high tariffs make imported goods less competitive in the local market and increase their cost, leading to reduced consumer choices and decreased international trade. According to the World Bank’s 2021 report on “Trading Across Borders,” Pakistan ranked 167th out of 190 countries in terms of ease of importing goods. This poor ranking reflects the country’s high import tariffs and complex regulatory procedures, which can be a significant barrier to trade.

Non-Tariff Barriers

In addition to import tariffs, the Pakistani government also places non-tariff barriers on imports. These barriers include quotas, licensing requirements, and technical regulations that can be difficult for foreign exporters to navigate. According to the United States Trade Representative’s 2021 report on “Foreign Trade Barriers,” Pakistan has a number of non-tariff barriers in place that hinder trade, particularly in the agriculture and services sectors. These barriers can be particularly problematic for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the resources to navigate complex regulatory frameworks.

State-Owned Enterprises

Pakistan has a large number of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) operating in various industries such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications. The government owns and controls these SOEs, which can lead to inefficiencies, lack of competition, and reduced economic growth. According to a report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), SOEs in Pakistan have been plagued by governance issues, leading to poor financial performance and a lack of transparency. This can be a significant barrier to foreign investment and trade, as foreign investors may be hesitant to invest in a market dominated by government-owned enterprises.

Energy Subsidies

The Pakistani government provides subsidies on energy products such as electricity, gas, and oil to keep prices low for consumers. While these subsidies benefit low-income consumers, they also lead to inefficiencies and market distortions. According to the IMF, energy subsidies in Pakistan amounted to 1.7% of GDP in 2019, with a significant portion of these subsidies going to the power sector. These subsidies can lead to the overconsumption of energy products and a lack of investment in more efficient energy sources, hindering economic growth and development.

Political Instability

Finally, political instability in Pakistan can be a significant barrier to trade. The country has experienced periods of political turmoil, including military coups, protests, and terrorist attacks, which can disrupt trade and deter foreign investment. According to the World Bank, political instability is a significant obstacle to economic growth and development in Pakistan, as it can lead to reduced investment and increased risk for businesses operating in the country.

In conclusion, the Pakistani government has placed a number of restrictions on trade that can hinder economic growth and development. These restrictions include high import tariffs, non-tariff barriers, state-owned enterprises, energy subsidies, and political instability. While some of these restrictions may be well-intentioned, such as energy subsidies to benefit low-income consumers, they can have negative effects on the overall economy. In order to promote economic growth and development, the Pakistani government should work to reduce trade barriers and improve the business environment for both domestic and foreign investors. This can include measures such as simplifying regulatory frameworks, reducing import tariffs, and improving governance

Should SBP consider a Fiat Based CBDC UBI for social security?

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Should SBP consider a Fiat Based CBDC UBI for social security?

A replacement for all social security programs?

A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a digital form of a country’s fiat currency that is issued and backed by the central bank. It is a new form of currency that is gaining traction globally, with many central banks exploring the possibility of issuing a CBDC.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan presently introduces new money into the economy through a process in which the State Bank of Pakistan purchases government securities through open market operations. This process is called quantitative easing. One potential application of CBDCs is to support a universal basic income (UBI) system and replace open market operations as the primary means of quantitative easing by the State Bank of Pakistan.

What is UBI?

A universal basic income is a policy proposal that seeks to provide a basic income to all citizens, regardless of their income level or employment status. The purpose of a UBI is to provide a safety net that ensures all citizens have access to a minimum level of income to meet their basic needs. A UBI could help reduce poverty, promote equality, and provide financial security to those who are unable to work or unable to find a job.

According to the World Bank, as of 2020, the poverty rate in Pakistan was estimated to be around 24.3%. A UBI system can provide a minimum income to every citizen, ensuring that no one falls below the poverty line. This can be especially beneficial for marginalized and vulnerable populations, such as women, children, and the elderly.

The implementation of a fiat-based CBDC UBI system in Pakistan could have numerous benefits. First and foremost, it would help reduce poverty and inequality. Pakistan is a developing country with a large population living in poverty. A UBI system could provide a safety net for those living in poverty and ensure that everyone has access to a basic standard of living.

Liquidity in Phases of Economic Shock

A CBDC-based UBI system can provide a safety net during times of economic hardship or crises. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Pakistan provided cash transfers to vulnerable households to help them cope with the economic fallout. A CBDC-based UBI system can provide a more efficient way of helping those in need during times of crisis.

A fiat-based CBDC UBI system could also be an effective way to stimulate the economy. By providing a basic income to all citizens, the government could boost consumption and demand. This would increase economic activity, leading to job creation and higher economic growth. In addition, a CBDC UBI system could reduce income inequality, which has been shown to hinder economic growth.

A CBDC-based UBI system can also provide a significant boost to economic growth. When people have a guaranteed basic income, they are more likely to invest in education and training, start their own businesses, or take risks that they would not have otherwise taken. This can lead to an increase in productivity and innovation, which can help drive economic growth and create more job opportunities.

Eliminating Corruption Leakages

Another potential benefit of a fiat-based CBDC UBI system is that it could help reduce corruption. In Pakistan, corruption is a major problem that has been difficult to eradicate. A UBI is simpler to administer than a means-tested program. A UBI does not have any eligibility requirements, which reduces the administrative burden and associated costs.

A UBI system that is based on a CBDC could help reduce corruption by ensuring that payments are made directly to citizens and are not subject to intermediaries. This could reduce the opportunities for corruption and ensure that payments are made fairly and transparently.

Cost Effective

Moreover, a fiat-based CBDC UBI system could be a more efficient way to distribute social welfare payments. Currently, the government distributes social welfare payments through a variety of channels, including cash, vouchers, and bank transfers. These channels are often inefficient and prone to errors and fraud. A CBDC UBI system could streamline the distribution process, making it more efficient and cost-effective.

Banking the Unbanked

Additionally, a fiat based CBDC UBI system could help improve financial inclusion in Pakistan. Pakistan has a large unbanked population, with many people lacking access to formal financial services. By providing a CBDC UBI system, the government could ensure that all citizens have access to a digital payment system.

According to the World Bank, as of 2017, only 21% of adults in Pakistan had a bank account. A CBDC-based UBI system can help promote financial literacy and encourage more people to participate in the formal financial system. This can also help reduce the reliance on cash transactions, which can help reduce corruption and money laundering.

Gender Outcomes

A fiat-based CBDC UBI system can also have a positive impact on gender equality. According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, as of 2020, the female labor force participation rate in Pakistan was only 22.8%. A UBI system can provide women with a guaranteed income, which can help reduce financial dependence on men and encourage more women to enter the workforce. This can also help reduce gender-based income inequality.

Concerns

there are also some potential harms associated with a CBDC-based UBI system. One of the biggest concerns is the potential for inflation. The creation of new money to fund a UBI system can lead to an increase in the money supply, which can lead to inflation. However, this can be mitigated by proper management of the money supply and ensuring that the UBI payments are not excessive.

Then there is the potential for a negative impact on work incentives. Some critics argue that providing a guaranteed income to everyone can lead to a disincentive to work. However, studies have shown that UBI systems do not necessarily lead to a reduction in work incentives, and in fact, can provide people with the opportunity to pursue work that they are truly passionate about, leading to greater productivity and job satisfaction.

Finally, there are concerns about the potential for fraud and abuse in a CBDC-based UBI system. However, this can be addressed by implementing strong security measures and incorporating technologies such as biometrics and blockchain to ensure that the system is secure and transparent.

In conclusion, a fiat-based CBDC UBI system has the potential to provide numerous benefits for the economy and society, including reducing poverty and income inequality, promoting economic growth, encouraging financial inclusion, and promoting gender equality. If implemented properly, a fiat-based CBDC UBI system could have significant benefits for the people of Pakistan and could serve as a model for other countries looking to increase financial inclusion and reduce poverty.

Social Security issues in Pakistan and Solutions in the Charter of Economy

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

Charter of Economy: Social Security

Pakistan’s social security programs have been facing significant challenges for years. Pakistan has a high poverty rate, with approximately 24.3% of the population living below the poverty line. The country also has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, with the top 10% of the population holding 67% of the wealth.

According to the World Bank, Pakistan has one of the lowest social safety net coverages in the world. The country’s existing social security programs have been unable to provide adequate protection to the vulnerable population, including low-income households, women, and children.

Pakistan’s social security programs only cover a small proportion of the population. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21, only 4% of the country’s population has access to social security.

The country’s social security system is fragmented, with multiple programs running simultaneously. There is a lack of coordination and integration among these programs, which leads to duplication and inefficiencies.

Pakistan’s social security programs have limited funding, which restricts their ability to reach a larger population. According to a report by the International Labour Organization, Pakistan’s social security expenditure was only 0.3% of GDP in 2017.

There are reports of corruption in the distribution of social security benefits. This has led to the exclusion of deserving beneficiaries and has increased the cost of providing social protection.

There is a lack of transparency in the administration of social security programs, which has eroded public trust in the system.

The failures of Pakistan’s social security programs have been evident in multiple instances. Here are some recent examples:

In 2019, the Supreme Court of Pakistan took notice of the exclusion of deserving beneficiaries from the BISP, which led to protests and public outcry.

In 2020, the government faced criticism for excluding transgender people from the Ehsaas Emergency Cash Programme.

In 2021, the government faced criticism for the delays in the distribution of cash grants under the Ehsaas Emergency Cash Program, which was launched to help the poor during the COVID-19 pandemic. The program was plagued by a lack of transparency, bureaucratic hurdles, and technical glitches, which resulted in delays and discrepancies in the disbursement of funds.

By merging various social protection programs and centralizing zakat collection, the government could eliminate duplication and improve coordination. PRIME (Policy Research Institute of Market Economy) has created a Pakistan Charter of Economy to address issues in public finance management.

There are three proposals (Proposals 24, 25, and 26) that specifically address long-term outcomes in the social security sector. As follows:

Proposal 24 in the Charter suggests the merger of various social protection programs to eliminate duplication and reform the zakat collection system.

The government has been running multiple social protection programs, such as the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) and the Ehsaas Emergency Cash Programme, among others. Merging these programs can eliminate duplication and create a more efficient and effective system. Furthermore, the reformation and centralization of zakat collection can create a more reliable funding source for social protection programs.

According to the State Bank of Pakistan, zakat collection reached PKR 87.6 billion in FY 2021. Redirecting 80% of zakat receipts to be spent on recipients can significantly increase the coverage of social protection programs. Additionally, independently auditing zakat accounts every year can increase transparency and accountability.

Proposal 25 suggests that the government should not incur any debt to fund social security programs and should only rely on taxation and private charities.

This can help create a more sustainable funding source for social protection programs. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21, the total revenue collection of the Federal Board of Revenue was PKR 4,691 billion.

The government can allocate a portion of this revenue for social protection programs. Furthermore, private charities can also play a significant role in providing social protection. In 2021, Pakistan was ranked 26th in the World Giving Index, which indicates that the country has a strong tradition of giving.

Proposal 26 suggests the use of Negative Income Tax to target households earning below the income tax threshold.

Negative Income Tax can create a more targeted and efficient system of providing social protection. The NIT is a system where the government provides financial assistance to households whose income falls below a certain threshold. According to a report by the World Bank, Negative Income Tax has been successfully implemented in countries such as the United States and Canada.

The current social security programs in Pakistan have numerous weaknesses and have failed to adequately address poverty and inequality. The fundamental principle to a diverse and effective social security program is sustainable funding. Unfortunately, previous social security programs in Pakistan were not designed for sustainability. Social security has become a political tool, and its present usage is not conducive for saving lives, feeding hungry mouths, or providing sustainability and recovery outcomes for those struggling in hard times.

How Pakistan’s Federal Government is Sabotaging Its Own Economy

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How Pakistan's Federal Government is Sabotaging Its Own Economy: 10 Examples of Fiscal Indiscipline

Fiscal indiscipline is a persistent challenge for Pakistan’s federal government, and it is essential to analyze the ways in which it manifests. This article provides an analysis of 10 common ways in which Pakistan’s federal government expresses fiscal indiscipline. 

Detailed suggestions on the resolution of Budgetary policy issues can be found within the Pakistan Charter of Economy.

 

Low Tax Collection

Pakistan’s tax collection is considerably lower than other countries with similar income levels. The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) reported that Pakistan’s tax-to-GDP ratio was 11.2% in 2020, which is well below the average for middle-income countries. This low tax collection is a significant contributor to fiscal indiscipline, as it limits the government’s ability to fund its expenditures adequately.

Unproductive Spending

Pakistan’s federal government also engages in unproductive spending, which is another contributor to fiscal indiscipline. For example, the government has a history of investing in large, expensive infrastructure projects without proper cost-benefit analysis. These projects often lead to increased debt, which can lead to further financial instability.

Poor Management of Public Sector Enterprises

Pakistan’s public sector enterprises have a history of mismanagement and financial inefficiencies, which can lead to a significant drain on government resources. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21, state-owned enterprises’ accumulated losses reached Rs. 2.6 trillion in 2020. This mismanagement leads to increased government spending to keep these enterprises afloat, contributing to fiscal indiscipline.

Lack of Transparency

The government has been criticized for its lack of transparency in awarding contracts and allocating resources, which can lead to increased corruption and inefficiencies.

One example of the lack of transparency is the inadequate public disclosure of information on government spending. The lack of comprehensive and timely information on public spending hinders accountability and makes it difficult to monitor and assess government spending. The Public Financial Management Act of 2019 aims to improve transparency and accountability in public financial management. However, implementation has been slow, and transparency remains a significant challenge.

Another example is the lack of transparency in tax administration. Pakistan’s tax administration has been criticized for its lack of transparency and accountability, leading to low tax compliance and revenue collection. The absence of clear and consistent procedures, as well as limited access to information on tax administration, contribute to this problem.

The lack of transparency in public procurement processes is another area of concern. Public procurement processes are often opaque, leading to mismanagement and corruption. The absence of clear rules and guidelines, coupled with a lack of transparency, often leads to the awarding of contracts to politically connected individuals or firms, which may not be the most qualified for the job. This results in the misallocation of resources and reduced effectiveness of public spending.

Excessive Defense Spending

Pakistan’s defense spending has increased significantly in recent years, which can contribute to fiscal indiscipline. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Pakistan’s military expenditure was $10.3 billion in 2020, which represents 4% of the country’s GDP. This excessive defense spending limits the government’s ability to fund other critical areas, such as health and education, contributing to fiscal indiscipline.

Dependence on Loans

Pakistan’s federal government also has a high dependence on loans to finance its expenditures, which can contribute to fiscal indiscipline. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21, external debt and liabilities increased to $117.8 billion at the end of March 2021, which is 38.8% of the country’s GDP. This reliance on external financing can lead to increased debt and financial instability.

Lack of Long-Term Planning

Pakistan’s federal government also lacks long-term planning, which can contribute to fiscal indiscipline.

The lack of long-term planning results in poor decision-making and the misallocation of resources. Short-term policies often lead to incomplete projects and the inefficient use of resources, which results in cost overruns and further drains on the budget. This issue is evident in the government’s energy policies, where frequent changes in policies and a lack of long-term planning have resulted in an inadequate and unreliable energy supply system.

Another example of the lack of long-term planning is insufficient investment in infrastructure development. The government’s failure to prioritize infrastructure development has led to inadequate road networks, limited access to clean water and sanitation, and poor quality of public transportation. This hampers economic growth and development, as businesses struggle to transport goods and services efficiently, and individuals face challenges in accessing basic services.

The government’s lack of planning also affects social welfare programs. The government often introduces social welfare programs without adequate planning, which results in poor implementation and inadequate funding. This is evident in the government’s poverty alleviation programs, where a lack of long-term planning has led to inadequate funding, inefficient implementation, and limited impact on poverty reduction.

Weak Revenue Administration

One of the key challenges facing Pakistan’s federal government is the weak revenue administration, which contributes to fiscal indiscipline. The government has struggled to increase its revenue collection and improve tax compliance, resulting in a low tax-to-GDP ratio and an over-reliance on borrowing.

According to the World Bank, Pakistan’s tax-to-GDP ratio stands at around 11%, which is significantly lower than other developing countries in the region. The low tax-to-GDP ratio is due to the government’s failure to effectively implement tax policies, a narrow tax base, and a lack of enforcement.

The government has also struggled to broaden the tax base by including more taxpayers and sectors into the tax net. A significant portion of the economy remains undocumented and operates in the informal sector, which limits the government’s ability to collect taxes effectively. Furthermore, tax exemptions and concessions granted to influential individuals and industries also contribute to a narrow tax base and revenue losses.

The weak revenue administration also results in a high degree of tax evasion and non-compliance. Tax evasion is prevalent in Pakistan, and it contributes to a significant loss of revenue for the government. According to a report by the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), around 72% of registered taxpayers in Pakistan do not file tax returns. Tax non-compliance not only results in revenue losses but also contributes to a lack of trust in the government and a culture of impunity.

Dependence on External Financing

Pakistan’s dependence on external financing is a significant contributor to fiscal indiscipline. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21, the country’s external debt and liabilities increased to $117.8 billion at the end of March 2021, which is 38.8% of the country’s GDP. This indicates that the government is relying heavily on external financing to finance its expenditures.

Simplification of the Pakistani Tax Regime

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Simplification of the Pakistani Tax Regime

Pakistan’s tax system has been faced with several challenges including low tax-to-GDP ratios, a narrow tax base, and high rates of tax evasion. 

 

 

Pakistan’s tax-to-GDP ratio was only 10.4% in 2020, which is significantly lower than the average of 15.3% for countries in the South Asian region (World Bank). Economists and policymakers have proposed that a low rate, flat, broad-based, and predictable tax regime can help Pakistan overcome these challenges and achieve greater economic growth and development. The proposals are reflected in the Pakistan Charter of Economy.

Low Rates

Several reasons support the implementation of a simplified tax system with a low tax rate. First, low tax rates encourage taxpayers to comply with their tax obligations. High tax rates can discourage people from working, investing, or saving, as the cost of these activities may be too high compared to their after-tax returns. Conversely, low tax rates provide individuals and businesses with more financial resources to engage in productive economic activities, which leads to increased economic growth and development.

Furthermore, a one-percentage-point reduction in tax rates can lead to a 0.3% increase in GDP in the short run and a 0.6% increase in the long run, according to a study by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Tax evasion in Pakistan amounts to about 70% of the total tax revenue (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics).

Lower Administrative Costs and Compliance

A simplified tax system can lead to lower administrative costs, resulting in significant cost savings for the government. According to a World Bank report, Pakistan spends approximately 1.7% of its GDP on tax administration, which is higher than the average for countries in the South Asian region. Streamlining the tax collection process and reducing the need for expensive technology and personnel could lower administrative costs.

The current tax system in Pakistan is characterized by a multitude of tax rates, exemptions, and deductions, making it complex and difficult for taxpayers to understand and comply with. A flat tax rate would simplify the system, reduce the need for tax planning, and promote greater transparency and accountability. A World Bank study found that a flat tax rate could increase compliance by up to 7%, as taxpayers would be less likely to engage in tax evasion or avoidance.

A Broader Base

A broad-based tax system is desirable because it ensures that all individuals and businesses contribute to the tax base. Pakistan’s tax base is narrow, with only a small proportion of the population paying income tax. A broad-based tax system would ensure that all individuals and businesses, regardless of their income or status, contribute to the tax base. This would increase the revenue raised from taxes and promote greater fairness and equality in the tax system. 

Broadening the tax base by just 1% could lead to an additional Rs. 50 billion in revenue, according to a study by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Dr. Ikramul Haq in 2019 estimated that a flat tax rate of 15% could result in a tax revenue increase of up to 0.9% of GDP in Pakistan

 

Predictability and Certainty over the Long Run

A predictable tax system is desirable because it promotes certainty and stability for taxpayers. The current tax system in Pakistan is characterized by frequent changes in tax laws and regulations, leading to uncertainty and instability for taxpayers. A predictable tax system would provide taxpayers with greater certainty and stability, allowing them to plan their finances and investments more effectively. Countries with more stable tax systems tend to have higher rates of economic growth and development, according to a study by the Tax Justice Network.

Limiting Corruption

A simplified tax system can reduce corruption and tax evasion, leading to higher tax revenues for the government. According to the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, tax evasion in Pakistan amounts to approximately 70% of the total tax revenue. A simplified tax system with lower tax rates and reduced complexity could reduce opportunities for corruption and increase tax compliance, resulting in higher tax revenues for the government.

Economic Efficiency

Simplified tax regimes can allocate resource more efficiently, as individuals and businesses are not deterred from engaging in economic activity due to high taxes or a complex tax system. According to a study by the International Monetary Fund, a simpler tax system can lead to higher investment, greater innovation, and higher levels of economic growth. This is because a simpler tax system reduces the time and resources required to comply with tax regulations, which can be a significant barrier to economic activity.

Low rate, flat, broad-based, and predictable tax regime can bring significant benefits to Pakistan’s economy. Such a tax regime would incentivize taxpayers to comply with their tax obligations, simplify the tax system, broaden the tax base, and promote certainty and stability for taxpayers.

 

Does austerity lead to prosperity?

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Does austerity lead to prosperity?

Best way to achieve austerity, prosperity is to end govt monopoly over economic resources

 

Ali Salman | March 06, 2023

 The prime minister, while addressing the news conference announcing austerity measures, said “we have to make collective efforts to make the country prosperous.”

The federal cabinet has announced an “austerity package”, that includes steps such as early office opening, early closure of shopping centres, ban on the purchase of luxury vehicles by the government, sale or lease of government-owned properties, ministers to forgo pays and perks, and travel on economy class.

This, if implemented, will lead to annual savings of Rs200 billion, according to the government estimates.

The steps such as 15% reduction in the government expenditure, ban on the import of luxury vehicles at taxpayers’ expense and commercialisation of state property are appreciable. We should appreciate this even for a symbolic value.

However, I ask this question: does austerity lead to prosperity, as the prime minister said?

First, we need to differentiate between austerity by a government and austerity by households and private firms. Almost all households and all private firms, which are going concern, do not spend more than what they earn. They are already austere. If they overspend, they go bankrupt quickly.

However, the governments do that all over the world. They do not go bankrupt due to their political power and monopoly over economic resources.

Second, the prime minister needs to understand that no nation has become prosperous through austerity.

The best way to achieve both government austerity and social prosperity is that we should end government monopoly over any economic resource. This should not be justified only on austerity grounds, rather it should be part of a permanent policy.

If we need any policy at all, we need a prosperity policy. In its Charter of Economy, PRIME has outlined such a policy proposal.

Government ownership and control of primary urban properties, agricultural, commercial and industrial businesses, and trade of commodities should be done away with. According to this charter, “The government may not monopolise any economic resource. PSO’s monopoly over import of most fossil fuels will end.”

If done in a competitive manner, this will usher in an era of prosperity instantly. It will also help the government achieve its objective of austerity. We give away hundreds of billions of rupees each year to the government so that it can wastefully spend on running businesses inefficiently.

Giving up control and ownership is hard. Politicians will feel powerless once we take back their power to give contracts and jobs through government businesses.

These are really the hard decisions which no government or political party is willing to seriously consider. Instead, we are asking the businesses and citizens to “do more”. Increasing the GST is a tool for the same.

Shutting down businesses at 8pm is another futile idea which seems to have gained a lot of traction. Energy conservation through administrative measures is a bad idea. Let me give one example.

Everyone is aware how we waste water in our farms, houses and factories. The reason is very simple. We are not willing to price the water.

When I was an independent director of Punjab Saaf Pani Company during 2014-2016, I proposed that the government should adopt the Changa Pani model, which is a community-managed project of drinking water supply through a pipeline in Bhalwal.

Water is priced through meters and households pay as per their consumption. Results are amazing. Not only people pay, but the system is maintained while the government-run water supply schemes become dysfunctional.

Then chief minister rejected this proposal. Instead, the governments keep wasting billions of rupees in installing tube wells. By changing the incentive system, we can save these billions and encourage people to conserve as a result of pricing.

Talking about austerity, our favourite bogeyman is import. Curbing imports, as every finance minister from Tarin to Miftah to Dar, and most of the economists, would like us to believe, is the key to managing our accounts.

Miftah started it and it has continued till today in practice. Little did anyone realise that we were tinkering with the very basic nerve of our economy. Once we started stopping imports, even on the fallacy of luxury/ non-luxury distinction, we strangulated the trade flow.

Recently, soap manufacturers released an ad, demanding that the government include it in “essential industries”. Government thinks washing hands is a luxury. We did not stop there.

Import restrictions led to the rationing of dollars and in fact creation of a parallel exchange market. That brought us on the verge of default.

Economics is a tricky subject and sometimes we are caught by the intended consequences following intentions only.

As Bastiat observed centuries ago, we need to differentiate between the seen and the unseen. We need to bring in consequences in our thinking. While people who are talking about austerity are good people and they have noble intentions, their solutions are inconsequential.

The writer is the executive director of PRIME, an independent economic think tank based in Islamabad

This article was originally published in The Express Tribune on March 6, 2023

 

Revisiting “D” word: Pakistan should opt for debt restructuring

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Revisiting “D” word: Pakistan should opt for debt restructuring

External debt servicing burden country faces today is one of the highest in the world

Ali Salman | January 09, 2023

 In its recent media release, the independent Economic Advisory Group (EAG) has encouraged the government to consider initiation of debt restructuring negotiations to avoid the risk of “disorderly default”.

It clarified that “this will…come at the expense of meeting additional conditionalities agreed with the creditors, who will bear the cost of restructuring. None of these options are without economic pain, but a well-managed restructuring process can allow the economy to recover faster than otherwise.”

In this article, I will advocate this view that given the trade-off, the Ministry of Finance should seriously consider debt restructuring.

To provide a context, Pakistan’s external debt servicing has increased from $6.5 billion in FY13 to close to $26 billion in FY23. This is equivalent to 65% of Pakistan’s exports (estimated at $40 billion in FY23) and 37% of exports and remittances.

In 2013, Pakistan’s external debt servicing was only 20% of exports. The external debt servicing burden (as a percentage of exports and remittances) that Pakistan faces today is one of the highest in the world.

The finance minister has repeatedly maintained that Pakistan will not consider debt restructuring and will honour its external debt servicing. So far, he has managed to deliver on his promises.

It seems that he is pursuing a two-pronged strategy: one is reliance on friendly countries like China and Saudi Arabia. Last week’s army chief visit to Saudi Arabia and a telephonic contact between the premiers of China and Pakistan must be related to the same strategy.

The second part of his strategy seems to secure additional funding from external sources, especially the Geneva conference, for flood rehabilitation.

Pakistan is seeking $16 billion of grants and debt under this head, from which it has received about $4 billion already. This may be sufficient to secure external debt servicing for FY23 without the need of any restructuring.

Although the international agencies are demanding strict control over the planned spending, money, in the end, is fungible.

However, if Pakistan’s hopes of securing significant additional external funding for flood rehabilitation are not fulfilled, then the reliance on expectations from friendly countries will become critical.

Also, pressure to increase electricity tariff and fuel surcharge will be difficult to resist, which will be detrimental to the cost of living and the dwindling political capital of PML-N.

Alternatively, we propose that Pakistan should sit down with all creditors to agree on a new schedule of external debt servicing and at the same time lift administrative controls on import and import payments immediately.

Once we do it, business activities will restore and economic output will begin to gain momentum. While trade deficit may increase as a result, this should not worry us.

About 90% of Pakistan’s imports are non-luxury in nature. It means that it is very costly to control imports without the risk of an overall economic slowdown. We have already witnessed it in the last quarter of 2022.

Any calls for import substitution at the policy level should be strictly discouraged, while markets may be encouraged to become more competitive.

Importantly, this strategy will minimise the gap between the open market and black market exchange rate. Once this is done, the remittance flow through banking channels will not decrease and exporters will be encouraged to realise their receivables sooner than later.

This will bring a substantial increase in the monthly dollar inflow, which will provide an additional cushion to Pakistan’s forex reserves, thus giving some degree of confidence to the policymakers, and to the market.

Debt restructuring will also decrease the pressure on the government to increase electricity tariffs or petroleum levy, though in the end, we will need to respect international prices.

There will be genuine apprehensions of a further downgrade by the international credit rating agencies in the case of debt restructuring. This concern is not well-placed.

First, Pakistan’s bond has already been downgraded to the junk status despite timely payments on Eurobonds in December 2022. This was in the making since the middle of 2022, owing to the catastrophic fiscal decisions made by the ousted PTI government.

In this context, the finance ministry under Miftah-Dar deserves credit for reducing the risk of default at least in the recent past.

That does not preclude the risk of a disorderly default in the future. The fact that banks are dishonouring LCs of importers is a default at least at the private-sector level.

The banks are claiming difficulty in release of dollars due to administrative controls by the central bank. Dar has made it public that while he is not going to change the SBP autonomy status, he believes that this has gone too far.

Ultimately, credibility, predictability and transparency in economic decision-making is the most important strategy for any government. This should be rules-based and not based on discretion.

Economic stability can be ensured by sticking to these rules and by institutionalising economic governance.

As the EAG press release reminds us, policymakers must acknowledge the difficult choices the country faces and overcome policy paralysis to avoid the dire consequences of a disorderly default.

The writer is the executive director of PRIME, an independent economic think tank based in Islamabad

The writer is the executive director of PRIME, an independent economic think tank based in Islamabad

This article was originally published in The Express Tribune on January 9th, 2023.

An economy losing steam

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An economy losing steam

Ali Salman

Most glaring example of unsound fiscal management is primary deficit.

As the Economic Survey 2021-22 indicates, we should celebrate a respectable growth rate of 5.97%, a rise in exports by 27.8% and an increase in tax collection by 28.1%.

These numbers mask three important facts. First, the growth rate has, once again, brought us to an unsustainable current account deficit, thus subjecting us to an IMF bailout.

The “policy structural break” was the shift between Abdul Hafeez Sheikh and Shaukat Tarin. Between these two finance ministers, the PTI government essentially lost all its goodwill it had accumulated.

Second, the rise in exports is not the result of an increase in productivity or policy – it is the result of a rise in international prices.

While the rise in exports is a welcome sign, one needs to question if this was a result of any policy or improvement in the competitiveness of our industry or was it driven by international factors.

We have argued that this increase was unrelated to the government or industry and is likely to be reversed – unless we can demonstrate growth in new sectors.

Third, the increase in tax collection was largely driven by an increase in the import tax receipts, which increased the cost for both businesses and consumers. Some 45% of our tax revenue is realised at the import stage, which is the highest in the world.

The most important question is whether our economy is in a financially sound position or not? My short and simplified answer is “No”. Our economy is losing steam, or perhaps has lost it.

The most glaring example of the unsound fiscal management of an economy, especially when it is under an IMF programme, is the primary balance, which ought to be positive.

Primary balance is the fiscal balance adjusted for interest payments. In other words, our fiscal balance should be marginally higher than the interest payments.

The Economic Survey mentions that we had a primary surplus of Rs451.8 billion in FY21, which has turned into a primary deficit of Rs447.2 billion in FY22.

This is the direct result of a disproportionate rise in the total expenditure, which rose by 27%, accounting for a 21.2% rise in the current and 54% rise in development expenditures. It brought growth at a very high cost, basically costing once again our financial freedom.

As a policy instrument, we continued to depend on interest rate, which was increased by 675 basis points (bps) in one year, but it failed to stem the rising inflation, as it was coming from elsewhere.

State Bank of Pakistan’s (SBP) autonomy is principally laudable, however, it is inconsequential in our economy at the moment as consumption is continuously being fuelled by remittances, and to some extent, cash transfers, as the Economic Survey rightly notes.

The other indicator of the major failure was a steep increase in the current account deficit – from $543 million to $13.8 billion in one year.

It is attributed to the rising trade deficit, which itself is a function of import expansion on account of higher demand.

The productive capacity of the economy has not kept pace with the rising demand, which has resulted in a spiralling trade deficit and a current account deficit which the economy is not able to sustain.

The current account deficit itself is not a bad thing, and we can tolerate up to $7 billion of deficit at the current level, however, anything beyond that level will be unmanageable.

In hindsight, once we had achieved a desirable level of current account deficit last year, the government should have contained its spending and should have introduced policies to bring in foreign direct investment (FDI).

Instead, it took the opposite step and introduced off-budget subsidies. It also obstructed free and competitive capital resource allocation by heavily leveraging the construction sector, which blocked capital without adding any tradable stock to the national assets.

The introduction of off-budget subsidies and an artificial reduction in fuel prices not only halted the IMF programme, they also deteriorated our fiscal account sharply.

The new government inherited this economic mess, but by not moving to correct the mistakes quickly, it has lost a strategic opportunity, which will not come again.

The writer is the founder and executive director of PRIME, an independent economic policy think tank based in Islamabad

Published in The Express Tribune, June 13th, 2022.

مڈل مین بارے بدگمانی چھوڑئیے

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مڈل مین بارے بدگمانی چھوڑئیے

مصنف: علی سلمان

مڈل مین ہر اُس لعن طعن کا سزاوار نہیں ٹھہرتا جو اُس پر دوش ڈالی جاتی ہے ۔

نوٹ:- یہ تحریر اصل انگریزی تحریر کا ماخوذ اردو ترجمہ ہے ۔ اصل انگریزی متن کی تحریر انگریزی جریدے دی ایکسپریس ٹربیون میں 10مئی 2021ء کو شائع ہوئی تھی ۔

پاکستان کے اقتصادی پالیسی ساز حلقوں کی تدبیروں اور عامیانہ بحثوں میں اقتصادی چیلنجز بارے مستقل طور پر جو لکیر پیٹی جاتی ہے وہ مڈل مین کا کردار ہے جسے اکثر و بیشتر بے جا طور پر مارکیٹ کی حرکیات میں تمام تر برائیوں کا محور سمجھا جاتا ہے ۔
ہر ایک اقتصادی سیکٹر میں مڈل مین اور ڈسٹریبیوٹر کا کردار ناگزیر ہوتا ہے ۔ غور کیجیے کہ کون کپڑوں کو فیکٹریوں سے دکانوں میں پہنچاتا ہے؟  یہ بحث زرعی منڈی کی حرکیات میں نسبتاً زیادہ آسانی سے سمجھی جاسکتی ہے ۔
مڈل مین بارے یہ بدگمانی دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے کہ وہ کسان اور صارفین دونوں کا استحصال کرتا ہے اور اپنے پیوستہ مفادات میں اجتماعی فلاح، اخلاقی اقدار اور مستعد کارکردگی کے تقاضوں کو نظرانداز کرکے ناجائز منافع اینٹھتا ہے ۔
مڈل مین بارے مخبوط رویہ رکھنے کے کارِ لاحاصل نے اقتصادی پالیسی سازوں کے ساتھ ساتھ مبصرین کی توانائیاں بھی نامناسب حد تک سلب کرلی ہیں اور اُن کی صلاحتیں دائرہ ءِ عمل سے خارج بے سروپا حل تجویز کیے جانے تک اٹکی ہوئی ہیں ۔
ایسے ناقابلِ حصول قسم کے سلجھاءو کا مدعا کبھی عیاں اور کبھی پنہاں الفاظ میں مڈل مین کے کردار کو ختم کیے جانے کا متقاضی ہوتا ہے اور وہ بھی اِس خودفریبانہ امید پر مبنی ہوتا ہے کہ مڈل مین کو ختم کرتے ہی قیمتیں کم ترین سطح پر آجائیں گی ۔
امید ہے کہ مدعائے مضمون یہ گوش گزار کرواپائے گا کہ مڈل مین جسے ہم نے ناسمجھی میں ’’شیطانِ مجسم‘‘ سمجھ رکھا ہے کا معاملہ ’’بد اچھا بدنام برا‘‘ والا ہے اور یہ کہ مڈل مین ہر اس لعنت و ملامت کا قصوروار نہیں ہے جو اُس کے سر تھوپی جاتی ہے ۔ درحقیقت معاشیات کی معقول معاملہ فہمی رکھنے والا کوئی بھی شخص جو کشادہ نظری سے حقائق سننے کو تیار ہو وہ معاشی حرکیات کا ادراک کرلینے کے بعد ہماری روزمرہ کی زندگی میں مڈل مین کے کردار کو سراہنے لگے گا ۔
کسی پریکٹس بارے تھیوری ہر اُس کے لیے رہنما ہونی چاہیے جو اُس کی اہمیت سمجھتا ہو ۔ مسلمانوں میں ایک مذہبی پیشوا امام غزالی نے ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو سے آٹھ صدیوں قبل ’مسابقتی منفعت‘ کی تھیوری کا ادراک کرلیا تھا جو یہ بتاتی ہے ’’ ۔ ۔ ۔ کسانوں کی کثرت زرخیز علاقوں میں ہوتی ہے جہاں زرعی آلات تیار نہیں کیے جاتے جبکہ اُوزار ساز لوہار ترکھان کاریگر وہاں ہوتے ہیں جہاں کسان نہیں ہوتے ۔ لہٰذا فطری طور پر ایک دوسرے کی ضروریات کی بہم رسانی کے لیے وہ آپس میں اشیاء و خدمات کا تبادلہ کرتے ہیں ‘‘ ۔
ایک ہی زمان و مکان میں کسان کھیتی باڑی کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ آڑھتی نہیں بن سکتا اور ہر صارف بھی روزانہ کھیتوں میں جاکر منڈی سے سستے نرخ پر سبزیاں نہیں خرید سکتا؛  لہٰذا ایسے میں مڈل مین کی ضرورت پڑتی ہے جو کسان اور صارف میں وسیلہ بننے کی مشقت اٹھائے اور خود کو رِیسک کے جوکھم میں ڈال کر اپنا منافع کمائے ۔
جو قارئین اس تھیوری کو سمجھ یا اس پر اعتماد نہیں کرسکتے اُن کے لیے تعاملاتی شواہد سے اخذ کردہ ڈیٹا پیش ہے ۔ حکومتِ پنجاب زراعت بارے ایگریکلچر مارکیٹنگ انفارمیشن سروس (اے ایم آئی ایس) کا محکمہ چلارہی ہے جہاں نرخ بندیوں کا ڈیٹا تواتر کے ساتھ مرتب کیا جاتا ہے ۔
یہ محکمہ ’اے ایم آئی ایس‘ متعدد اجناس کی نقد فصلوں کی قیمتوں میں مرحلہ وار چڑھاءو کے اشاریے مرتب کرتا ہے جیسا کہ کٹائی شدہ فصل کا بھاؤ تاؤ، غلہ منڈی میں تھوک کی بولی لگنا اور پرچون کی دکانوں میں صارفین کے لیے نرخ بندی طے پانا ۔ یعنی کہ فصل سے دکان اور کسان سے صارف تک کے نرخ بندی کے تخمینوں کے اعدادوشمار مرتب کرتا ہے ۔
اس محکمہ کے لاگت اور منافع جات کی مد میں مرتب کردہ اعدادشمار تجاویزی نوعیت کے ہیں ۔ ان اعدادوشمار کا موازنہ کبھی بھی پاکستان کے محکمہ شماریات (پی بی ایس) کے مرتب کردہ مروجہ قیمتوں کے اعدادوشمار سے کیا جاسکتا ہے ۔ اس طرح سے، جو کوئی بھی فصل کے نرخوں کا منڈی کے نرخوں سے موازنہ کرنے کے بعد بالآخر پرچون سے موازنہ کرے گا وہ اس معاشی سرگرمی سے کسان اور مڈل مین کے کمائے گئے منافع میں تفاوت کا تناسب با آسانی سمجھ سکے گا ۔
زرعی اشیائے خوردونوش کی طلب اور رسد کا توازن یعنی ’’فوڈ باسکٹ‘‘ جس کے تحت صارفین کے لیے قیمتوں کا اشاریہ یعنی کنزیومر پرائس انڈیکس (سی پی آئی) ترتیب پاتا ہے میں 20اشیاء شامل ہیں ۔ اس اشاریے کے مطابق 70فیصد غذائی اخراجات 20فیصدی نچلے درجے کی آمدن والے گھریلو صارفین کی جانب سے بلحاظِ اخراجاتی ترتیب سات اقسام کی اشیائے خردونوش کھلا دودھ، آٹا، آلو، پیاز، ٹماٹر، چکن اور کوککنگ آئل کی مَدّوں میں کیے جاتے ہیں ۔
راقم الحروف نے اپنے تجزیے میں گندم اور تین جنس کی سبزیوں کے ڈیٹا سے استفادہ کیا تھا جو کہ ایگریکلچر مارکیٹنگ انفارمیشن سروس پنجاب(اے ایم آئی ایس) اور ادارہِ شماریاتِ پاکستان (پی آئی بی) سے لیا گیا تھا ۔ یہاں ضمناً ایک احتیاطی نکتہ سپلائی چین کے جاری سلسلے بارے مختلف سطح کی تقابلی قیمتوں سے متعلق ذیل میں دیا جارہا ہے جسے ملحوظِ خاطر رکھا جائے ۔
زرعی منڈی کی حرکیات خصوصاً جب وہ نرخ بندی اور تجارتی قیود کی پابندیوں کے زیرنگرانی ہوں تو ایسے میں وہ باقی منڈیوں کے برعکس زیادہ شدت کے ساتھ اتارچڑھاءو دکھانے پر مجبور ہوتی ہیں لہٰذا تخمینہ کاری میں عمومی رائے اپنانے کی بجائے احتیاط برتنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے ۔
اگر مڈل مین کے کردار کا تجزیہ تھیوری کے ساتھ ساتھ اعدادوشمار کی روشنی میں بھی کرلیا جائے تو یہ ثابت ہوجائے گا کہ نہ تو مڈل مین ہتھیانے والا استحصالی ہوتا ہے اور نہ ہی کسان منافع سے محروم رکھا گیا لاچار مفلس ہوتا ہے ۔ ثبوت میں ذیل میں دیا ڈیٹا دیکھیے ۔

مثلاً سال2020ء-2021ء کے دوران گندم، پیاز، ٹماٹر اور آلو کی نقد فصلوں میں کسانوں کے کمائے گئے منافع کا تخمینہ15فیصد سے 253فیصد کی پہنچ تک کا تھا ۔ اس کے برعکس مڈل مین کے منافع کی پہنچ 18فیصد سے 36فیصدتک کی معمولی سطح کی تھی ۔ درحقیقت اگر آپ گہرائی سے دیکھیں تو کسان اور مڈل مین میں منافع کے تفاوت کا یہ حاشیہ تھوک اور پرچون کی متضاد سطحوں پر خریدوفروخت سے ماخوذ ہے ۔ اس سے یہ نتیجہ نکلتا ہے کہ کسان کا کسی ایک سال میں غیرمعمولی منافع کما پانا اور کسی دوسرے سال میں بھاری نقصان اٹھانا دونوں صورتوں کے امکانات معمول کا معاملہ ہوتے ہے ۔ جو کوئی بھی دیہی معیشت کی سمجھ بوجھ رکھتا ہو اس کو یہ اتار چڑھاءو سمجھ میں آ سکتا ہے ۔
اسی طرح مڈل مین کا منافع نپی تلی سطح پر اس لیے رہتا ہے کہ اُسے فصلوں کی کٹائی کے بعد غلہ گوداموں میں رکھنے اور طلب کے مطابق بیچنے میں نسبتاً کم رِسک لینا پڑتا ہے ۔ یہی تو اقتصادیات ہے ۔ اس میں حکومت کو کیا کرنا چاہیے؟  زیادہ تر معاملات میں حکومت کو کوالٹی چیک اور ادارہ جاتی سطح پر معاہداتی تقدس اور تحفظاتی اقدامات کے سوا مزید کچھ نہیں کرنا چاہیے ۔
درحقیقت مڈل مین کو استحصالی سمجھنا ایک غلط العام وسوسہ ہے ۔ مڈل مین کو استحصالی کہہ کر ہم صرف اپنی من گھڑت اختراع کا اظہار کرتے ہیں ۔ جب تک منڈی کی حرکیات ہر خاص و عام کے لیے کھلی ، آزاد اور مسابقتی رہیں گی تب تک استحصال معاشی عمل کے خودرو بہاءو سے مسدود ہوتا رہے گا ۔
مڈل مین کا کردار معاشی لین دین میں محور کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے ۔ ٹیکنالوجی کو مڈل مین کا متبادل خیال کرتے وقت ہ میں یہ ادراک کرنا ہوگا کہ یہ تبدیلی وساطت کی تنسیخ پر منتج نہیں ہوسکے گی البتہ وسیلہ بننے والے کردار کی تبدیل کرپائے گی ۔ مثلاً آڑھت کے ناگزیر عمل میں آڑھتی کا عامل کردار اب تک کوئی کارندہ کرتا آرہا ہے وہی عمل ورچوئل پلیٹ فارمز کے میکانی کرداروں سے کروائے جانے کی تجویز ہے جس کا نتیجہ اسی قدر یا زیادہ منافع ورچوئل پلیٹ فارمز کو دینا ہوگا ۔
اگر حکومت کسانوں اور صارفین میں براہ راست تعلق کے لیے مارکیٹیں قائم کرنے جارہی ہے تو وہ صرف ہمارے قیمتیں نہ دیکھ پا سکنے کے امرِ مانع کی خصوصیت کی بنا پر آزاد نہیں قرار دی جاسکتیں۔
تشویش کی بات یہ ہے کہ ایسا کرکے حکومت نے وہ بار اٹھایا ہے جسے کرنے کی نہ تو وہ متحمل ہے اور نہ ہی اس کا کوئی لینا دینا ۔ ایسا کرکے حکومت اپنے کرنے کے بنیادی اور لازمی کاموں کو پس پشت ڈال چکی ہے ۔