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Trade connectivity highlighted as engine of sustainable growth

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July 6th, 2022

PRESS RELEASE

Trade connectivity highlighted as engine of sustainable growth

The Economic Advisory Group (EAG) and Policy Research Institute of Market Economy (PRIME) organized an event to launch “Trade Connectivity” Book with the support of Friedrich Naumann Foundation (FNF) Pakistan. The event was attended by dignitaries from the government, private sector, academia, IMF and the Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to Pakistan. The participants stressed on the importance of trade and regional connectivity in promoting economic prosperity.

Syed Naveed Qamar, Federal Minister for Commerce, acknowledged the importance of free markets and their role in promoting growth. He was of the view that export led growth is the real aim of Pakistan and free trade will be imperative in this regard. The recent import ban was aimed at temporary restraint of imports.
EAG is of the view that the recent import ban by the government was not a well thought initiative. Moreover, the uncertain political environment in the country has further slowed down the economic activity. The promotion of exports by tapping into new markets, increasing the exports basket by reducing the trade barriers is the ultimate way forward.

Ms. Birgit Lamm, Head of Country Office FNF Pakistan, enunciated that “Pakistan has a huge market with enormous potential for economic growth, but it’s time to translate this potential to action in creating wealth for the country & its citizens”.

Syed Javed Hassan, Chairman EAG expressed his views as “The EAG Book ‘Trade Connectivity’ looks at the practical aspects of trade and why Pakistan urgently needs to enhance connectivity and thereby intra-regional trade, and also become a trading hub for trade beyond the region. Economic growth of nation states is linked to their ability to exploit connectivity and interdependencies within strong regional blocs. EAG Trade Connectivity supports this view with contemporary trade theories by focusing on internal and external economies of scale, and also suggests practical policy measure that maybe taken to bring the ideas into fruition”.

Dr. Ali Hasanain, Associate Professor of Economics at LUMS said “Creating and expanding gains from trade are at the heart of how economies grow. EAG’s “Trade Connectivity” book and today’s event are attempts to focus attention on these issues, and provide a compact overview of major issues currently holding Pakistan’s international trade down amongst the least trading nations of the world”.

Dr. Aadil Nakhoda, Assistant Professor of Economics at IBA, articulated that “Pakistan needs to make significant strides in participating in global value chains. The current situation is dire. However, there are opportunities if Pakistan undertakes regional trade agreements, reduces tariffs, focuses on improving quality of products through technical non-tariff measures (NTMs) and attract FDI in the manufacturing sectors. The government needs to ensure greater competition to foster innovation and improvement in productivity levels. Trade connectivity is an important vehicle for Pakistan’s progress”.

Mr. Adam Mulawarman Tugio said that “Trade connectivity” Book is very insightful and comprise pertinent recommendations. Trade between ASEAN and Pakistan is very small as compared to trade of China with ASEAN i.e. $200 billion. There is a lot of potential to be explored through FTAs.

Ms. Esther Perez Ruiz, Resident Representative IMF Pakistan, added to the discussion that tariff and non-tariff trade barriers impose serious constraints on growth and sustainability. Spain’s integration with the EUs in 80s and 90s was a political aspiration for the country, which led to a massive economic transformation. However, Pakistan’s exports to GDP reduced from 14% in 1990 to 10% in 2000s. Also Pakistan’s per capita GDP growth is very slow compared with its regional competitors. To realize export potential, Pakistan needs proactive policies: exchange rate flexibility, efficient allocation of resources, elimination of subsidies and creating business conducive environment in the country”.

Mr. Ali Salman, Executive Director PRIME expressed his views as “Most of the trade liberalization coming out of trade is from unilateral trade agreements and Pakistan needs to liberalize its trade policies by reducing taxes and tariffs. Only then the country would be able to integrate into the global value chains and promote exports”.

To access the full book, please click the link ahead: Trade Connectivity Ebook PDF

For media inquiries, please contact M. Saad at saad@primeinstitute.org or 03345397644.

Pakistan and the European Union under GSP+

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Pakistan and the European Union under GSP+

Pakistan was awarded the GSP+ status on 1st of January 2014 that aimed at promoting economic stability and good governance in the country. The status, which expires in December 2023, provides full removal of duties on most of the European Union’s tariff lines and is subject to compliance with 27 International Conventions. Although Pakistan’s exports to the EU since 2013 have increased by almost 46.6% (FY 13’ to FY 22’) which stand at USD 7.6 billion (10 months) in 2022 and are projected to increase to USD 8.3 billion by the end of FY 22’ (excluding the UK), the country’s compliance with and performance of the 27 mandatory conventions remain inconsistent.

The analysis in this report disaggregates Pakistan’s bilateral trade with the EU in two periods– 2007-2013 and 2014-2022. The findings indicate that Pakistan’s exports to the EU have increased from an aggregate USD 37 billion (2007-13) to an aggregate USD 66 billion (2014-2022); compared to its exports to the world i.e. from an aggregate USD 150 billion to USD 217 billion in the same period. 

Although cumulative exports to EU between these two periods have increased by almost 78.4% (as compared to growth in exports to the world in same period i.e. by almost 44.7%), Pakistan’s exports to the EU since FY13’ (before the start of GSP+) have risen at a relatively slow pace i.e. by approximately 46.6% (FY22’).

The proportion of Pakistan’s exports to the EU in total exports has also increased from 24.6% (2007-13’) to 30.1% (2014-22’) as compared to other major export destinations including China (6.4% to 8.6%) and USA (17.8% to 17.9%) in same eras.

Moreover, Pakistan faces immense competition from its regional competitors like Bangladesh, which enjoyed a 25% share in EU’s imports among GSP beneficiaries in 2018 followed by India (24%), Vietnam (14%), and Indonesia (10%). Although Pakistan had a 9% share in EU’s imports among GSP beneficiaries in the same year, Bangladesh has a higher Revealed Comparative Advantage in textiles – a major sector under GSP+ status.

This report provides an overview of Pakistan’s trade performance under the GSP+ status and implementation of International Conventions. Pakistan’s GSP+ utilization rate has been high i.e. 96.5%. With that, proportion of EU’s total trade with Pakistan among other GSP+ beneficiaries is comparatively better i.e. 0.3%. However, the GSP+ utilization rate could be further increased through exhausting tariff lines that constitute a higher proportion of EU’s imports including Chapters 42, 61, 62 and 63.

In the absence of this preferential status, Pakistan would have to bear an MFN tariff of 12% under most traded chapters (42 and 61 to 63). For Pakistan to remain in the scheme for 10 more years, it must ratify and implement 5 new conventions in addition to the previous 27. Additionally, for a better approach, it should start negotiating with the EU on tariff lines not falling under the GSP+  preferential status for the next GSP+ agreement.

Click below to read full report:

Pakistan and the European Union under GSP+

For inquiries, please contact info@primeinstitute.org or call at 03330588885.

An economy losing steam

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An economy losing steam

Ali Salman

Most glaring example of unsound fiscal management is primary deficit.

As the Economic Survey 2021-22 indicates, we should celebrate a respectable growth rate of 5.97%, a rise in exports by 27.8% and an increase in tax collection by 28.1%.

These numbers mask three important facts. First, the growth rate has, once again, brought us to an unsustainable current account deficit, thus subjecting us to an IMF bailout.

The “policy structural break” was the shift between Abdul Hafeez Sheikh and Shaukat Tarin. Between these two finance ministers, the PTI government essentially lost all its goodwill it had accumulated.

Second, the rise in exports is not the result of an increase in productivity or policy – it is the result of a rise in international prices.

While the rise in exports is a welcome sign, one needs to question if this was a result of any policy or improvement in the competitiveness of our industry or was it driven by international factors.

We have argued that this increase was unrelated to the government or industry and is likely to be reversed – unless we can demonstrate growth in new sectors.

Third, the increase in tax collection was largely driven by an increase in the import tax receipts, which increased the cost for both businesses and consumers. Some 45% of our tax revenue is realised at the import stage, which is the highest in the world.

The most important question is whether our economy is in a financially sound position or not? My short and simplified answer is “No”. Our economy is losing steam, or perhaps has lost it.

The most glaring example of the unsound fiscal management of an economy, especially when it is under an IMF programme, is the primary balance, which ought to be positive.

Primary balance is the fiscal balance adjusted for interest payments. In other words, our fiscal balance should be marginally higher than the interest payments.

The Economic Survey mentions that we had a primary surplus of Rs451.8 billion in FY21, which has turned into a primary deficit of Rs447.2 billion in FY22.

This is the direct result of a disproportionate rise in the total expenditure, which rose by 27%, accounting for a 21.2% rise in the current and 54% rise in development expenditures. It brought growth at a very high cost, basically costing once again our financial freedom.

As a policy instrument, we continued to depend on interest rate, which was increased by 675 basis points (bps) in one year, but it failed to stem the rising inflation, as it was coming from elsewhere.

State Bank of Pakistan’s (SBP) autonomy is principally laudable, however, it is inconsequential in our economy at the moment as consumption is continuously being fuelled by remittances, and to some extent, cash transfers, as the Economic Survey rightly notes.

The other indicator of the major failure was a steep increase in the current account deficit – from $543 million to $13.8 billion in one year.

It is attributed to the rising trade deficit, which itself is a function of import expansion on account of higher demand.

The productive capacity of the economy has not kept pace with the rising demand, which has resulted in a spiralling trade deficit and a current account deficit which the economy is not able to sustain.

The current account deficit itself is not a bad thing, and we can tolerate up to $7 billion of deficit at the current level, however, anything beyond that level will be unmanageable.

In hindsight, once we had achieved a desirable level of current account deficit last year, the government should have contained its spending and should have introduced policies to bring in foreign direct investment (FDI).

Instead, it took the opposite step and introduced off-budget subsidies. It also obstructed free and competitive capital resource allocation by heavily leveraging the construction sector, which blocked capital without adding any tradable stock to the national assets.

The introduction of off-budget subsidies and an artificial reduction in fuel prices not only halted the IMF programme, they also deteriorated our fiscal account sharply.

The new government inherited this economic mess, but by not moving to correct the mistakes quickly, it has lost a strategic opportunity, which will not come again.

The writer is the founder and executive director of PRIME, an independent economic policy think tank based in Islamabad

Published in The Express Tribune, June 13th, 2022.

Post Budget Roundtable cautions on Budget credibility

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  PRIME Logo IconPost Budget Roundtable cautions on Budget credibility

 

(Islamabad | 13th June 2022) – Budget 2022-23 has come under challenging circumstances when the country is facing both internal and external pressure in the form of fiscal, current account deficits, and rising international commodity prices. Policy Research Institute of Market Economy (PRIME) and Economic Advisory Group (EAG) have arranged an interactive Post Budget Roundtable where representatives from government, think tanks, academia, private sector, and media participated and contributed to the discussion on Budget 2022-23 which the government presented on the 10th of June 2022. The discussion started with Executive Director PRIME, Ali Salman’s initial views regarding the budget where he supported the government’s initiative on the reversal of tax and subsidy-related incentives to the construction and real estate sector. There has been a long discussion on unproductive investments in the real estate sector, taxing them can encourage entrepreneurship and investments. Referring to the tax regime proposed in the new budget, he added that the government has intentions of broadening the tax net but it needs to follow a different policy approach.

Discussion followed by remarks made by Chairman EAG, Javed Hassan who posed questions on the credibility of the new budget while acknowledging that the job of the Finance Minister in the formulation of the budget was most unenviable given the multiple challenges the country was facing. With reference to the new budget during the government’s ongoing negotiations with the IMF, he was of the view that Pakistan could face extremely onerous conditions where much of the growth is funded through external borrowing. Furthermore, the government must set priorities and allocate the budget efficiently, especially with respect to PSDP. He also sought clarity on how the budget targets of provincial surplus, petroleum levy and GIDC will be achieved. He felt in a democracy such as Pakistan, the public must be made aware of the reality of financial constraints and be prepared to sacrifice growth in the short term to ensure stability and structural reform. He emphasized that if Pakistan were to not revive the IMF program, the government could face greater public outrage than if it were to implement the budgetary measures necessary for reviving the program.

Dr. Vaqar Ahmed, Joint Executive Director at Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) added to the discussion that a budget under a coalition government is always a difficult task. However, the assumptions used during the budget preparation need some realism, and the indicators including projected growth and projected inflation required more work in order to avoid mini budgets in the coming months. The debt procurement strategy in the budget is unclear and there are limitations on how much the fiscal policy in the new budget can address the issues. Despite these ambiguities in the new budget, seven industries have managed to benefit including the pharmaceutical and chemicals.

Dr. Idrees Khawaja, Chief of Research, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) commented on the new budget while calling it a ‘price pass on to the consumer’ budget. There is a need for sensitivity analysis during preparation and before formulation of the budget. Drastic expenditure cuts could have been proposed by the government rather than passing burden to the consumer.

While talking about the sensitive macro-economic outlook of the country, Aniqa Arshad, Project Manager at the Friedrich Naumann Foundation (FNF) highlighted the significant increase in the government employees’ salaries on the cost of common people in the new budget. Like the previous budgets, the government has not come up with better solutions for the loss-making SOEs except for financing them. An increase in the Petroleum Levy has proven that the new budget is a pro-IMF budget and not in the interests of a common man.

Former Senator, Osman Saifullah agreed with the fact that none of the issues in this budget are new to us. Considering the current situation of the economy, to expect a government to come up with long term solutions in a budget is unrealistic. However, the budget should not be sector-specific rather the government should focus on benefiting the masses. He supported new tax measures to impose a tax on real estate income and super tax on banking companies.

Other participants expressed their fears that time was running out and if necessary corrective amendments were not made to the proposed budget, it might fail to win back credulity with the IMF and revive the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) program. Should that come to pass, Pakistan faces the prospect of default, which none of the stakeholders would want.

A few of the members of Economic Advisory Group – From left to right; Mueen Batlay, Ali Salman, Javed Hassan, Vaqar Ahmed

Post-Budget Roundtable was organized by PRIME in collaboration with FNF.

For inquiries, please contact saad@primeinstitute.org or call at 03345397644.

Prime Note: Federal Budget 2022-23

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Prime Note: Federal Budget 2022-23


By Tuaha Adil 

 

  1. Federal budget highlights the adoption of a contractionary fiscal policy for sustainable growth. The priority of the government is to stabilize the economy and control inflation as countries around the world are experiencing rising commodity and petroleum prices. The stabilization of the economy is imperative for sustainable growth because country experienced higher fiscal and current account deficits in the last fiscal year. The relief package announced in February deteriorated the sustainability of the economy; contributed to a significant burden on the national exchequer, a rise in fiscal deficit and current account deficits, and currency devaluation.  The federal government expenditures for FY 2023 are kept at the level of FY 2022 i.e. Rs. 9,502 billion. However, the budgeted government expenditures for FY 2022 were Rs. 8,487 billion and actual spending increased by Rs. 1,015 billion to Rs. 9,502 billion. Therefore, the government needs to ensure it does not spend more than the budgeted amount.

 

  1. The government believes that controlling public expenditures will help in reducing the aggregate demand and inflation. Inflation remains a challenge for the government, which requires a prudent mix of fiscal and monetary policies. In May 2022, the State bank of Pakistan increased the policy rate by 150 basis points to an ever high of 13.75 percent to discourage extravagance and reduce the mounting pressure on the domestic currency. However, raising the policy rate alone remained futile to control inflation and contributed to an increase in the domestic debt liabilities. The average inflation in FY 2022 remained at 11.2 percent and the government has set a target of 11.5 percent for FY 2023, which highlights the fact that the reversal of relief package and passing on the prices of electricity and petroleum products will result in a significant increase in inflation in the short term until the people alter their spending behaviors.

 

  1. The budget maintains a significant allocation of funds for subsidies. In FY 2022, the government allocated Rs. 682 billion for subsidies but actual spending was 122 percent higher amounting to Rs. 1,514 billion. In FY 2023, the government has allocated Rs. 699 billion in terms of subsidies, which is higher than the budget for running a civil government. The power sector will receive a major proportion of subsidies amounting to Rs. 570 billion and allocation for the petroleum sector is Rs. 71 billion. The continuity of subsidies without any analysis of the outcome of subsidies poses a serious threat to the financial stability of the country.

 

  1. The government has set an ambitious target of collecting Rs. 7,004 billion as FBR revenues on the back of adjustment in the rates of taxes. The share of direct taxes is 37 percent while the share of indirect taxes is 63 percent, whose incidence is more among people in lower-income groups. Income tax constitutes a major proportion of the direct tax and its share in total FBR revenue is 39 percent.  The government envisages an18 percent increase in income tax revenues compared to the last fiscal year.  Sales tax constitutes a major proportion of indirect taxes and total tax revenues with a share of 44 percent.  The government estimates indicate an increase of 23 percent in sales tax compared to the previous fiscal year. With an expected rise in inflation, there is a possibility of a slowdown in aggregate demand and a subsequent fall in expected sales tax revenues. The tax to GDP ratio proposed in FY 2023 is 9.2 percent, which is a manifestation of a dismal performance of our tax administration. The government should strive for bringing more people into the tax net and restrict tax evasion through an overhaul of the country’s taxation system.

 

  1. The government has introduced changes in the taxation system to protect lower-income groups and put the burden on higher-income groups. The threshold income exempted from income tax for salaried individuals has been increased from Rs. 0.6 million to Rs. 1.2 million. Furthermore, the threshold income exempted from tax for business individuals and AOPs has been increased from Rs. 0.4 million to Rs. 0.6 million. The government has proposed a fixed tax regime for small retailers where Rs. 3,000 to Rs. 10,000 will be collected along with electricity bills. The government has proposed a capital gain tax of 15 percent on the transaction of immovable property in the first year, the advance tax rate on the purchase and sale of property for filers is proposed to be enhanced to 2 percent from the 1 percent and for non-filers, increased from 2 percent to 5 percent.

  1. Government’s reliance on customs duties for revenue collection continues to distort trade and manufacturing. The use of tariffs for revenue purposes affects the performance of local industries. For FY 2023, the government has anticipated a 17 percent growth in revenue collection from tariffs compared to an actual collection in the previous year. The government has rationalized 400 tariff lines related to the manufacturing sector, and extended exemptions on agricultural inputs and machinery. Although tariff rationalization is a good initiative, the country’s tariff structure is still complex. Moreover, the government continues to protect domestic industries from international competition thereby eliminating incentives for them to improve, restricting the transfer of knowledge and technology, and enforcing consumers to buy low-quality domestic products at higher prices.

 

  1. Privatization of loss making state-owned enterprises is included in the budget with expected revenue of Rs. 96 billion. Every year government includes the privatization of loss making enterprises but remains unable to carry them out. Resultantly, the government had to provide funds to bleeding enterprises to keep them afloat. The total loss of SOEs in 2019 was Rs. 143 billion. It is imperative to cut loose loss making enterprises to ease the burden on the government and put public resources to efficient use.

 

  1. External financing head in the budget brief does not indicate any inflow from IMF and China’s safe deposits. Pakistan has been struggling to fulfill the requirements to resume the IMF program for which subsidy on petroleum products and electricity was removed and prices were raised. This contradicts the previous efforts of the government to convince China to lend money to Pakistan as safe deposits and also negates the struggle to resume the IMF program. However, the government is going to borrow money from both sources. This is an effort by the government to hide external borrowing and deflate the overall debt and liabilities of the government. Therefore, the ability of the government to accurately assess the debt liabilities will be affected, which will lead to mismanagement in the debt servicing.

 

  1. Collection of Rs. 750 billion as petroleum development levy (PDL) seems difficult in the current environment of high petroleum prices. The government intended to collect Rs. 610 billion PDL in the FY 2022 but was able to collect Rs. 135 billion. Currently, a significant jump in global demand for petroleum products from ease in pandemic enforced restrictions and the start of the Russia-Ukraine War have resulted in a tremendous increase in the petroleum prices thereby making it impossible to collect intended revenues. For FY 2023, the government intends to collect a PDL of Rs. 750 billion from oil and PDL of Rs. 8 billion from gas, which will be impossible as it will contribute significantly to already unfettered inflation. The government will not be able to levy PDL as it will deteriorate the political capital of the coalition government and result in a higher than anticipated fiscal deficit.

 

  1. Government allocates Rs. 360 billion for the protection of unprivileged people under the Benazir Income Support Program. The government has increased the allocation for social protection by Rs. 114 billion to Rs. 360 billion for FY2023. This is a good initiative on behalf of the government to help the deprived segments of society who are struggling to survive when inflation remains unabated. In May 2022, food inflation cloaked at 15.5 percent in urban areas and 19 percent in rural areas.  Therefore targeted support for the needy people is appreciable.

 

  1. PRIME finds the proposed budget to be lacking insight and unrealistic to achieve the sustainable growth. PRIME proposes the adoption of broad-based flat tax rates to promote compliance and voluntary registration as higher tax rates, which the current budget proposed, only contribute to higher tax evasion and avoidance. The tariff and non-tariff barriers create anti- export bias, disincentivize the industry to ameliorate, narrow their focus to domestic demand, prevent the industry to become a part of global value chains and compel citizens to pay a higher price for substandard goods. Therefore, rationalization of the entire tariff structure is inevitable for the sustainable growth of the country. The government remains incapable to cut losses by privatizing bleeding SOEs just for political aspirations but business as usual is not possible now; therefore, the government needs to set aside political motivations and ease the unnecessary financial burden. The exclusion of credit inflow from China and IMF makes the efficacy of the entire budget questionable. The dependence on higher petroleum revenues at the time of rising global prices and soaring inflation at home is also not a wise strategy for fiscal sustainability.

 

Download the full PDF of the budget note here: Prime Note Federal Budget 2022-23

Prime Comment on Economic Crisis in Sri Lanka

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Prime Comment of economic crisis in Sri Lanka

The Sri Lankan economy was performing reasonably well among developing economies with an average real GDP growth rate of 5.2 percent from 2011 to 2018. However, the economy took a downturn with the onset of COVID-19 and subsequent lockdowns, and the real GDP growth rate declined from 3.3 percent in 2018 to a negative 3.6 percent in 2020 and rose to 3.7 percent in 2021. The government was struggling to manage its fiscal operations facing fiscal and current account deficits like most developing countries. Nonetheless, the situation worsened due to an exponential rise in global commodity and energy prices, a halt in tourism activities due to pandemic enforced lockdowns and travel restrictions, the surge in external obligations from a rise in external debt, and a significant loss in tax collection due to ill-conceived tax reforms.

Resultantly, Sri Lanka had to announce bankruptcy on external obligations in April 2022 where the government’s external debt stood at $51 billion in 2022 and was unable to fulfill its external obligations because foreign exchange reserves fell to $1.94 billion.

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Pakistan Prosperity Index – April 2022

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Pakistan Prosperity Index – April 2022

Prosperity spirals downward due to rising global and domestic inflation

Over December 2020- November 2021, economic prosperity deteriorated by 1.7 points, according to PRIME’s latest report Pakistan Prosperity Index. The decline in overall country’s economic performance can be attributed to continuously soaring inflation, currency devaluation and fall in foreign investment.

Purchasing power continues to decline as the Y-o-Y inflation was reported at 11.5%, while the M-o-M inflation clocked at 3%. The prevalent high levels of inflation are due to soaring supply-demand gap emanating from monetary expansion carried out through commercial banks’ investment in government securities, higher inflow of remittances, falling productivity, and rising international commodity and petroleum prices.

Local currency, the rupee, has remained volatile thus contributing to the uncertainty. In past 12 months, depreciation of rupee has been 8%. Average monthly exchange rate stood at Rs.173 against dollar in November 2021 compared to Rs.171.7 in October 2021.

Inflow of foreign direct investment to the country has seen a plunge due to expeditious spread of COVID around the globe. FDI stood at $220 million in November 2021 compared to $300 million last month. 

The trade volume witnessed an increase of Rs.688 billion Y-o-Y and Rs.350 billion M-o-M on account of an increase in domestic and international demand. In M-o-M trade growth, exports experienced an increase of Rs.79 billion while imports increased by Rs.273 billion compared to October 2021.

Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) output posted a growth of 1.91% M-o-M and 0.3% Y-o-Y. The slowdown in manufacturing activities on yearly basis is due to significant increase in the energy and input prices along with gas load shedding while monthly increase is associated with rising demand.

The private sector borrowing from banks has been on an upward trajectory with Rs.214 billion Y-o-Y and Rs.22 billion M-o-M increase. The borrowing continues to increase despite the hike of 150 basis points in policy rate to 8.75% in November due to higher domestic demand.

The overall economic performance, as measured by PPI, is not encouraging due to mounting challenges. The burgeoning current account deficit on the back of significant increase in the international commodity and energy prices and the resultant hike in the policy rate will contribute to slow down in the economic activities in the country. Inflation remains a big concern, which could be mitigated by addressing the supply side bottlenecks such as lower productivity and interruption in the supply of energy.

Read full report here;

PRIME Institute publishes monthly PPI report with a lag of two months due to availability of data, which comprises trade openness, soundness of rupee, foreign investment, lending to private sector, purchasing power and manufacturing output indices.

For inquiries, please contact saad@primeinstitute.org or call at 03345397644.

Roundtable for tax cuts on telecom

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Roundtable with Telcos

    PRESS RELEASE

 

ROUNDTABLE PROPOSES TAX CUTS ON TELECOM FOR THE BUDGET 2022-23

(Islamabad, April 25, 2022) Policy Research Institute of Market Economy (PRIME) has organized a roundtable session on the Telecom Sector of Pakistan with an objective to enable discussion on major tax issues in the sector and gather further recommendations for the upcoming Budget 2023. The meeting incorporated stakeholders including Cellular Mobile Operators (CMOs), fixed broadband operators, telecom equipment vendors, mobile phone manufacturers, telecom industry specialists and the Ministry of IT and Telecom.

During the meeting, following recommendations were made for the upcoming Budget 2022-23:

  • Reduce withhold tax on Internet use to 8% – ideally abolish it
  • Harmonize Sales Tax rate on Telecom Services, across all jurisdictions (provinces) to facilitate ease of doing business.
  • Abolish Advance Tax on spectrum auction to reduce the extra burden on Cellular Mobile Operators’ (CMO)
  • Bulk Electricity billing for Mobile Base Stations, in order to remove complexities of Withholding Tax claims by CMOs
  • Reduction in Customs Duty on telecom equipment and optic fibre cables from 20% to 5%, and on batteries necessary for the telecom service providers. Also abolish Additional Custom Duty (2% and 6%) and Regulatory Duty (5%) on these items.
  • Abolish Withholding Tax on import of all types of telecom equipment

Telcos representatives believe that withholding tax on usage is a stumbling block in the growth of the telecom sector, which, through the Finance Act 2021 was reduced from 12.5% to 10%, and 8% was promised for future years. However, through the Finance (Supplementary) Act, 2021 the rate of withholding tax was increased from 10% to 15%. As per one of the officials from the industry, Rs.40 billion tax collection by the FBR every year remains unclaimed, which is extracted from the poor users who do not fall under the income tax category.

During the meeting, stakeholders also proposed a uniform Sales Tax rate for telecom services across all the provinces, that should be in line with other services, in order to promote ease of doing business.

In addition to that, they believe that spectrum is not a property therefore, Advance Tax on spectrum auction should be completely abolished.

Similarly, in case of Withholding Tax on electricity bills of thousands of mobile base stations, the roundtable demanded bulk billing for the CMOs in a move to reduce complexities involved due to the very large number of claims on advance tax. Same is already done in case of bank branches.

Moreover, it was proposed that the Custom Duties on batteries used by the telecom sector (8507.6000 & 8507.2000) should be reduced from 11% and 20% to 5% whereas, Regulatory Duties and Additional Custom Duties should be completely abolished.

Representatives from the Industry added that only 10% of the towers in Pakistan are connected with optical fibers. However, according to research done by the Huawei Company, countries entering the 5G regime have 40% to 50% of towers connected with optical fibers. Neighbouring countries in the region also average between 27% to 30%. On this account, representatives informed that the industry is currently paying 68% in form of duties on imports of optical fiber cables. It was agreed that these levies must be brought down in order to progress towards 5G.

Due to excessive taxes on telecom, the telecom operators claimed that their rate of return on investment is now below the weighted average cost and that they are unable to service their debts.

The discussion concluded with remarks from the Additional Secretary Ministry of IT & Telecom, Aisha Humera, who was of the view that striking the right balance between revenue and growth is a challenge for the government. On a positive note, the Ministry agrees on taking the draft proposal forward to the concerned authorities including the Finance Ministry and FBR. Additional Secretary expressed the hope that while the government will consider these tax cuts, the industry should also commit increasing their investment.

For inquiries, please contact saad@primeinstitute.org or call at 03345397644.

فلاحی پالیسی کی  قیمت

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فلاحی پالیسی کی  قیمت

فلاح و بہبود مفت  ہرگز نہیں ہے کیونکہ ہمیشہ کوئی اس  فلاحی نظام کی قیمت ادا کرتا ہے۔

مصنف : علی سلمان

فلاح و بہبود ایک بے معنی اصطلاح ہے۔ سیاست دان ہر وقت فلاح و بہبود کی باتیں کرتے ہیں اور عوام کی فلاح و بہبود کی بنیاد پر ووٹ مانگتے ہیں۔

فلاحی ریاست کے معروف  تصور  کے مطابق بے روزگاری الاؤنس یا سبسڈی یا خوراک کی فراہمی کے ذریعے عوام کا خیال رکھ سکتی ہے۔

تاہم، یہ واضح ہے کہ ان تمام چیزوں کی فراہمی کو مفت ظاہر کرنے ، یا سبسڈی دینے  باوجود ، فلاح و بہبود مفت نہیں ہے۔ کسی نہ کسی کو  ہمیشہ اس فلاح و بہبود کی قیمت ادا کرنا پڑتی ہے۔ 

یہ وسائل کی تقسیم اور مارکیٹ کی ساخت کا سوال ہے کہ کون فوائد حاصل کرتا ہے اور کون ان کی قیمت ادا کرتا ہے۔ علمی  لحاظ سے، 'فلاحی معاشیات 'اس سے نمٹتی ہے اور ایسی پالیسیوں پر غور کرتی ہے جو معاشرے کے تمام یا زیادہ تر اراکین کے لیے زیادہ سے زیادہ فوائد  مہیا کر سکیں ۔

فلاح و بہبود کی تقسیم عام طور پر آبادی کے ایک مخصوص حصے کے لیے وسائل کی تقسیم کی شکل اختیار کرتی ہے۔

مثال کے طور پر  -  گھر کے قرضوں   (ہاؤسنگ لون ) کے لیے سبسڈی یا رعایت۔  خاص کر نیو کلیئر  خاندانوں پر مشتمل موجودہ نسل  کے لیے مکانات کی ملکیت مشکل ہو گئی ہے ۔ 

پائیڈ (PIDE)  کی ایک حالیہ اشاعت میں، پاکستان سوشل اینڈ لیونگ سٹینڈرڈز سروے ( PSLM 2019-20) کے مطابق قومی سطح پر 70% گھروں کی ملکیت کا حوالہ دیتے ہوئے، 10 ملین گھروں کی کمی کے معروف  تصور کا جواب دیا  گیا ہے۔

تاہم حکومت نے 50 لاکھ گھروں کی تعمیر یا سہولت فراہم کرنے کے پروگرام کا اعلان کیا ہے۔ اس ہدف کے بعد، حکومت نے "مارکیٹ کی ناکامیوں" کو درست کرنے کی کوشش میں مختلف مالیاتی اور  مالی مراعات کا اعلان کیا۔

حکومت  نے رئیل اسٹیٹ میں سرمایہ کاری کو راغب کرنے کے لیے ایک بڑی ایمنسٹی اسکیم کا اعلان کیا۔ اس نے کمرشل بینکوں کے لیے لازمی قرضے کے اہداف بھی مقرر کیے ہیں۔

آج تک، 38 ارب روپے تقسیم کیے گئے، میرا پاکستان میرا گھر فنانسنگ اسکیم سے 10,000 سے زیادہ گھرانوں کو فائدہ نہیں پہنچا۔

دوسری طرف، زمین کی قیمتیں، جو کہ ایک شہر میں ایک گھر کی قیمت کا 80 فیصد لیتی ہیں، صرف دو سالوں میں لاہور اور اسلام آباد جیسے شہروں میں سب کے لیے 60 فیصد تک بڑھ گئی ہیں۔ یہ سب  رئیل اسٹیٹ میں سرمائے کے غیر معمولی بہاؤ کے نتیجے میں ہوا ہے - ایک حالیہ خبر کے مطابق، صرف 2021 میں ہی خالی شہری پلاٹوں میں 19 بلین ڈالر کی سرمایہ کاری  دفن ہو چکی ہے۔

یہ ٹیکس کی چھوٹ اور مالیاتی سبسڈیز کے ذریعے بیان کردہ پالیسی کا براہ راست نتیجہ ہے۔

سبق 1:  غریبوں کے نام پر دی گئی  فلاحی پالیسی سے چند ہزار کو فائدہ ہوا جبکہ لاکھوں افراد  کو نقصان ہوا۔

ان مراعات کی غیر موجودگی میں اور خاص طور پر تعمیری  ضوابط میں اصلاحات کے ذریعے گھرانوں کی اکثریت مستفید ہو سکتی تھی ۔

فلاحی پالیسی کی ایک اور مثال یونیورسل ہیلتھ انشورنس ہے - صحت سہولت کارڈ، جس نے پنجاب اور خیبرپختونخوا ہ میں تمام اہل شہریوں کو 10 لاکھ روپے کا طبی انشورنس فراہم کیا ہے۔

عام طور پر اس کی سب  نے تعریف کی ہے۔ تاہم، ایک محتاط نظر کے ساتھ – اور جیسے جیسے کچھ وقت گزرے گا – یونیورسل میڈیکل انشورنس میں مسائل واضح ہو جائیں گے۔ حکومت کیلئے  بہت جلد اس پروگرام کو  خود سے فنڈز  دینا ناممکن ہو جائے گا جبکہ صحت عامہ کا نظام خراب ہو جائے گا۔ صحت سے متعلق تحفظ کا ایک مختلف پروگرام صحت عامہ کے نظام میں زیادہ سرمایہ کاری کا باعث بن سکتا تھا ۔

ٹوکن  فیس  کے طور پر  ایک چھوٹی اور  معقول رقم  سب کے لیے قابل برداشت ہے اور اسے بغیر کسی استثنا کے ہر ایک سے  وصول کیا جانا چاہیے۔ حکومت کو انشورنس کا نظام سنبھالنے کیلئے  پرائیویٹ سیکٹر  کو ذمہ داری سونپنی چاہئے  تھی ۔

اس طرح وسائل کی تقسیم اور مارکیٹ کی ساخت کے ساتھ ایڈجسٹمنٹ،  کم از کم قیمت پر زیادہ تر آبادی کی فلاح و بہبود کے لیے کام کر سکتی ہے۔

سبق 2:  یونیورسل اور عوامی طور پر فنڈ شدہ  ہیلتھ انشورنس ایک ناقص  خیال ہے اور حکومت پبلک ہیلتھ کیئر سسٹم میں سرمایہ کاری کر کے مزید بہتر نتائج  حاصل کر سکتی ہے۔

فلاحی پالیسی کی ایک اور معروف  مثال قیمت  کو کنٹرول  کرنا ہے۔ وزیراعظم اور وفاقی کابینہ اچھے ارادوں  کے ساتھ پھلوں اور سبزیوں کی قیمتوں کی نگرانی کرتے رہتے ہیں۔

حکومت نے قیمت  کنٹرول کرنے کیلئے   کمیٹیاں قائم کی ہیں اور پہلے سے زیادہ پرائس انسپکٹرز کی خدمات حاصل کی ہیں۔

قیمتیں صرف بڑھ رہی ہیں۔ اگر حکومت نے دو  ستونوں  والی حکمت عملی پر توجہ مرکوز  کرنا  تھی تو  -  زرعی پیداوار میں سرمایہ کاری کرتی اور سرحدی تجارت کی اجازت دی جاتی ، تو  اس سے ہمیں قلیل مدتی اور طویل مدتی حل فراہم ہو سکتے تھے ۔

دوسری طرف، قیمتوں کے کنٹرول نے اس بات کو یقینی بنایا ہے کہ کوئی بھی زراعت میں سرمایہ کاری نہ کرے، اس طرح قیمتیں کم رکھنے کے اہم  ہدف کو نقصان پہنچا ہے۔

قیمتوں کا کنٹرول،  سرمایہ کاروں اور تاجروں کو یہ  واضح اشارہ  فراہم کرتا  ہے  کہ  – کاروبار میں داخل نہ   ہوں۔

سبق 3: قیمتوں کا کنٹرول فلاح و بہبود کو مسخ کرتا ہے۔

فلاح و بہبود کی پالیسیوں کو کارکردگی اور مراعات کے ایک سادہ نظریاتی سوال پر رکھا جانا چاہیے۔ فلاحی معاشیات کو ایک بار پھر سے لانے کے لیے، کوئی بھی معاشی سرپلس  (صارفین کے سرپلس اور پروڈیوسر سرپلس کا مجموعہ) کو دیکھ سکتا ہے ۔  میں اپنی رکاوٹوں کے پیش نظر یہاں ایک مالی مساوات بھی شامل کروں گا اور کسی بھی پالیسی کے مالی بوجھ بننے کے خلاف احتیاط کروں گا۔

جیسا کہ اوپر دی گئی تین مثالیں بتاتی ہیں، ہر معاملے میں فلاحی پالیسیوں نے  دی گئی مراعات کو مسخ کیا ہے اور حقیقت میں فلاح و بہبود کو کم کرنے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ ایسے فلاحی پروگرام کو ڈیزائن کرنا بہت مشکل ہے جو زیادہ نقصان کے بغیر مجموعی بہبود میں اضافہ کو یقینی بنا سکے۔

حکومت کے لیے ایک دانشمندانہ آپشن ہو سکتا ہے کہ کوئی فلاح و بہبود ہرگز  نہ کریں، خاص طور پر اگر وہ  بہتری  سے زیادہ نقصان پہنچانے کے لیے تیار  ہوئی ہو ۔

 

مصنف اسلام آباد میں موجود  ایک آزاد اقتصادی پالیسی تھنک ٹینک PRIME کے ایگزیکٹو ڈائریکٹر ہیں۔

یہ مضمون ایکسپریس ٹریبیون میں 28 فروری 2022 کو شائع ہوا۔

مڈل مین بارے بدگمانی چھوڑئیے

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

مڈل مین بارے بدگمانی چھوڑئیے

مصنف: علی سلمان

مڈل مین ہر اُس لعن طعن کا سزاوار نہیں ٹھہرتا جو اُس پر دوش ڈالی جاتی ہے ۔

نوٹ:- یہ تحریر اصل انگریزی تحریر کا ماخوذ اردو ترجمہ ہے ۔ اصل انگریزی متن کی تحریر انگریزی جریدے دی ایکسپریس ٹربیون میں 10مئی 2021ء کو شائع ہوئی تھی ۔

پاکستان کے اقتصادی پالیسی ساز حلقوں کی تدبیروں اور عامیانہ بحثوں میں اقتصادی چیلنجز بارے مستقل طور پر جو لکیر پیٹی جاتی ہے وہ مڈل مین کا کردار ہے جسے اکثر و بیشتر بے جا طور پر مارکیٹ کی حرکیات میں تمام تر برائیوں کا محور سمجھا جاتا ہے ۔
ہر ایک اقتصادی سیکٹر میں مڈل مین اور ڈسٹریبیوٹر کا کردار ناگزیر ہوتا ہے ۔ غور کیجیے کہ کون کپڑوں کو فیکٹریوں سے دکانوں میں پہنچاتا ہے؟  یہ بحث زرعی منڈی کی حرکیات میں نسبتاً زیادہ آسانی سے سمجھی جاسکتی ہے ۔
مڈل مین بارے یہ بدگمانی دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے کہ وہ کسان اور صارفین دونوں کا استحصال کرتا ہے اور اپنے پیوستہ مفادات میں اجتماعی فلاح، اخلاقی اقدار اور مستعد کارکردگی کے تقاضوں کو نظرانداز کرکے ناجائز منافع اینٹھتا ہے ۔
مڈل مین بارے مخبوط رویہ رکھنے کے کارِ لاحاصل نے اقتصادی پالیسی سازوں کے ساتھ ساتھ مبصرین کی توانائیاں بھی نامناسب حد تک سلب کرلی ہیں اور اُن کی صلاحتیں دائرہ ءِ عمل سے خارج بے سروپا حل تجویز کیے جانے تک اٹکی ہوئی ہیں ۔
ایسے ناقابلِ حصول قسم کے سلجھاءو کا مدعا کبھی عیاں اور کبھی پنہاں الفاظ میں مڈل مین کے کردار کو ختم کیے جانے کا متقاضی ہوتا ہے اور وہ بھی اِس خودفریبانہ امید پر مبنی ہوتا ہے کہ مڈل مین کو ختم کرتے ہی قیمتیں کم ترین سطح پر آجائیں گی ۔
امید ہے کہ مدعائے مضمون یہ گوش گزار کرواپائے گا کہ مڈل مین جسے ہم نے ناسمجھی میں ’’شیطانِ مجسم‘‘ سمجھ رکھا ہے کا معاملہ ’’بد اچھا بدنام برا‘‘ والا ہے اور یہ کہ مڈل مین ہر اس لعنت و ملامت کا قصوروار نہیں ہے جو اُس کے سر تھوپی جاتی ہے ۔ درحقیقت معاشیات کی معقول معاملہ فہمی رکھنے والا کوئی بھی شخص جو کشادہ نظری سے حقائق سننے کو تیار ہو وہ معاشی حرکیات کا ادراک کرلینے کے بعد ہماری روزمرہ کی زندگی میں مڈل مین کے کردار کو سراہنے لگے گا ۔
کسی پریکٹس بارے تھیوری ہر اُس کے لیے رہنما ہونی چاہیے جو اُس کی اہمیت سمجھتا ہو ۔ مسلمانوں میں ایک مذہبی پیشوا امام غزالی نے ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو سے آٹھ صدیوں قبل ’مسابقتی منفعت‘ کی تھیوری کا ادراک کرلیا تھا جو یہ بتاتی ہے ’’ ۔ ۔ ۔ کسانوں کی کثرت زرخیز علاقوں میں ہوتی ہے جہاں زرعی آلات تیار نہیں کیے جاتے جبکہ اُوزار ساز لوہار ترکھان کاریگر وہاں ہوتے ہیں جہاں کسان نہیں ہوتے ۔ لہٰذا فطری طور پر ایک دوسرے کی ضروریات کی بہم رسانی کے لیے وہ آپس میں اشیاء و خدمات کا تبادلہ کرتے ہیں ‘‘ ۔
ایک ہی زمان و مکان میں کسان کھیتی باڑی کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ آڑھتی نہیں بن سکتا اور ہر صارف بھی روزانہ کھیتوں میں جاکر منڈی سے سستے نرخ پر سبزیاں نہیں خرید سکتا؛  لہٰذا ایسے میں مڈل مین کی ضرورت پڑتی ہے جو کسان اور صارف میں وسیلہ بننے کی مشقت اٹھائے اور خود کو رِیسک کے جوکھم میں ڈال کر اپنا منافع کمائے ۔
جو قارئین اس تھیوری کو سمجھ یا اس پر اعتماد نہیں کرسکتے اُن کے لیے تعاملاتی شواہد سے اخذ کردہ ڈیٹا پیش ہے ۔ حکومتِ پنجاب زراعت بارے ایگریکلچر مارکیٹنگ انفارمیشن سروس (اے ایم آئی ایس) کا محکمہ چلارہی ہے جہاں نرخ بندیوں کا ڈیٹا تواتر کے ساتھ مرتب کیا جاتا ہے ۔
یہ محکمہ ’اے ایم آئی ایس‘ متعدد اجناس کی نقد فصلوں کی قیمتوں میں مرحلہ وار چڑھاءو کے اشاریے مرتب کرتا ہے جیسا کہ کٹائی شدہ فصل کا بھاؤ تاؤ، غلہ منڈی میں تھوک کی بولی لگنا اور پرچون کی دکانوں میں صارفین کے لیے نرخ بندی طے پانا ۔ یعنی کہ فصل سے دکان اور کسان سے صارف تک کے نرخ بندی کے تخمینوں کے اعدادوشمار مرتب کرتا ہے ۔
اس محکمہ کے لاگت اور منافع جات کی مد میں مرتب کردہ اعدادشمار تجاویزی نوعیت کے ہیں ۔ ان اعدادوشمار کا موازنہ کبھی بھی پاکستان کے محکمہ شماریات (پی بی ایس) کے مرتب کردہ مروجہ قیمتوں کے اعدادوشمار سے کیا جاسکتا ہے ۔ اس طرح سے، جو کوئی بھی فصل کے نرخوں کا منڈی کے نرخوں سے موازنہ کرنے کے بعد بالآخر پرچون سے موازنہ کرے گا وہ اس معاشی سرگرمی سے کسان اور مڈل مین کے کمائے گئے منافع میں تفاوت کا تناسب با آسانی سمجھ سکے گا ۔
زرعی اشیائے خوردونوش کی طلب اور رسد کا توازن یعنی ’’فوڈ باسکٹ‘‘ جس کے تحت صارفین کے لیے قیمتوں کا اشاریہ یعنی کنزیومر پرائس انڈیکس (سی پی آئی) ترتیب پاتا ہے میں 20اشیاء شامل ہیں ۔ اس اشاریے کے مطابق 70فیصد غذائی اخراجات 20فیصدی نچلے درجے کی آمدن والے گھریلو صارفین کی جانب سے بلحاظِ اخراجاتی ترتیب سات اقسام کی اشیائے خردونوش کھلا دودھ، آٹا، آلو، پیاز، ٹماٹر، چکن اور کوککنگ آئل کی مَدّوں میں کیے جاتے ہیں ۔
راقم الحروف نے اپنے تجزیے میں گندم اور تین جنس کی سبزیوں کے ڈیٹا سے استفادہ کیا تھا جو کہ ایگریکلچر مارکیٹنگ انفارمیشن سروس پنجاب(اے ایم آئی ایس) اور ادارہِ شماریاتِ پاکستان (پی آئی بی) سے لیا گیا تھا ۔ یہاں ضمناً ایک احتیاطی نکتہ سپلائی چین کے جاری سلسلے بارے مختلف سطح کی تقابلی قیمتوں سے متعلق ذیل میں دیا جارہا ہے جسے ملحوظِ خاطر رکھا جائے ۔
زرعی منڈی کی حرکیات خصوصاً جب وہ نرخ بندی اور تجارتی قیود کی پابندیوں کے زیرنگرانی ہوں تو ایسے میں وہ باقی منڈیوں کے برعکس زیادہ شدت کے ساتھ اتارچڑھاءو دکھانے پر مجبور ہوتی ہیں لہٰذا تخمینہ کاری میں عمومی رائے اپنانے کی بجائے احتیاط برتنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے ۔
اگر مڈل مین کے کردار کا تجزیہ تھیوری کے ساتھ ساتھ اعدادوشمار کی روشنی میں بھی کرلیا جائے تو یہ ثابت ہوجائے گا کہ نہ تو مڈل مین ہتھیانے والا استحصالی ہوتا ہے اور نہ ہی کسان منافع سے محروم رکھا گیا لاچار مفلس ہوتا ہے ۔ ثبوت میں ذیل میں دیا ڈیٹا دیکھیے ۔

مثلاً سال2020ء-2021ء کے دوران گندم، پیاز، ٹماٹر اور آلو کی نقد فصلوں میں کسانوں کے کمائے گئے منافع کا تخمینہ15فیصد سے 253فیصد کی پہنچ تک کا تھا ۔ اس کے برعکس مڈل مین کے منافع کی پہنچ 18فیصد سے 36فیصدتک کی معمولی سطح کی تھی ۔ درحقیقت اگر آپ گہرائی سے دیکھیں تو کسان اور مڈل مین میں منافع کے تفاوت کا یہ حاشیہ تھوک اور پرچون کی متضاد سطحوں پر خریدوفروخت سے ماخوذ ہے ۔ اس سے یہ نتیجہ نکلتا ہے کہ کسان کا کسی ایک سال میں غیرمعمولی منافع کما پانا اور کسی دوسرے سال میں بھاری نقصان اٹھانا دونوں صورتوں کے امکانات معمول کا معاملہ ہوتے ہے ۔ جو کوئی بھی دیہی معیشت کی سمجھ بوجھ رکھتا ہو اس کو یہ اتار چڑھاءو سمجھ میں آ سکتا ہے ۔
اسی طرح مڈل مین کا منافع نپی تلی سطح پر اس لیے رہتا ہے کہ اُسے فصلوں کی کٹائی کے بعد غلہ گوداموں میں رکھنے اور طلب کے مطابق بیچنے میں نسبتاً کم رِسک لینا پڑتا ہے ۔ یہی تو اقتصادیات ہے ۔ اس میں حکومت کو کیا کرنا چاہیے؟  زیادہ تر معاملات میں حکومت کو کوالٹی چیک اور ادارہ جاتی سطح پر معاہداتی تقدس اور تحفظاتی اقدامات کے سوا مزید کچھ نہیں کرنا چاہیے ۔
درحقیقت مڈل مین کو استحصالی سمجھنا ایک غلط العام وسوسہ ہے ۔ مڈل مین کو استحصالی کہہ کر ہم صرف اپنی من گھڑت اختراع کا اظہار کرتے ہیں ۔ جب تک منڈی کی حرکیات ہر خاص و عام کے لیے کھلی ، آزاد اور مسابقتی رہیں گی تب تک استحصال معاشی عمل کے خودرو بہاءو سے مسدود ہوتا رہے گا ۔
مڈل مین کا کردار معاشی لین دین میں محور کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے ۔ ٹیکنالوجی کو مڈل مین کا متبادل خیال کرتے وقت ہ میں یہ ادراک کرنا ہوگا کہ یہ تبدیلی وساطت کی تنسیخ پر منتج نہیں ہوسکے گی البتہ وسیلہ بننے والے کردار کی تبدیل کرپائے گی ۔ مثلاً آڑھت کے ناگزیر عمل میں آڑھتی کا عامل کردار اب تک کوئی کارندہ کرتا آرہا ہے وہی عمل ورچوئل پلیٹ فارمز کے میکانی کرداروں سے کروائے جانے کی تجویز ہے جس کا نتیجہ اسی قدر یا زیادہ منافع ورچوئل پلیٹ فارمز کو دینا ہوگا ۔
اگر حکومت کسانوں اور صارفین میں براہ راست تعلق کے لیے مارکیٹیں قائم کرنے جارہی ہے تو وہ صرف ہمارے قیمتیں نہ دیکھ پا سکنے کے امرِ مانع کی خصوصیت کی بنا پر آزاد نہیں قرار دی جاسکتیں۔
تشویش کی بات یہ ہے کہ ایسا کرکے حکومت نے وہ بار اٹھایا ہے جسے کرنے کی نہ تو وہ متحمل ہے اور نہ ہی اس کا کوئی لینا دینا ۔ ایسا کرکے حکومت اپنے کرنے کے بنیادی اور لازمی کاموں کو پس پشت ڈال چکی ہے ۔

 

Olive story – how to harness potential?

by PRIME Institute PRIME Institute No Comments

Olive story – how to harness potential?

Ali Salman

With 4m hectares identified for olive plantation, country can become major player in long run

TUNIS: Tunisian city famous for olives and olive oil where I was invited by one of the world’s largest producers of organic olive to visit their mill and processing facilities. In about 20 years since its formation, the company has achieved global leadership with annual production touching 50,000 tons of olive oil. There is a lot that Pakistan can learn as it has set its eyes to enter the competitive olive market.

The recent bilateral interest between Tunisia and Pakistan to enhance economic cooperation offers a fertile ground for both countries. For at least the last 15 years, the government in Pakistan has provided support to olive growers in the form of free plants, subsidised drip irrigation system and other facilities. It has even brought olives processing machines, which are available free of charge to the growers.

According to the government, 4 million hectares of land has been identified in Pakistan which is suitable for olive cultivation. Spain, the world’s largest olive oil exporter, which has almost 40% of global market share in exports, has around 2.5 million hectares of land for olive cultivation. Pakistan imported around 4,000 tonnes of olive oil in 2020, and locally produced 1,000 tonnes last year. Also, Pakistan is anticipated to import 3.7 million tons of edible oil in the current year.

These figures are clearly indicative of the huge gap that exists and suggest high level of potential demand for Pakistani olive oil – initially domestically, and then in the international market. Tax holidays on the import of machinery for olives, rupee depreciation and CPEC are all major factors that may contribute to increase in olive oil production by local companies.

In addition to the potential areas for greenfield projects, estimates have revealed that if 8 million wild olive trees in different provinces are grafted and converted into productive olive, there is a huge potential for earning export revenue. The government’s initiative in 2016 to launch an ‘Olive Valley’ programme in Potohar grew 1 million olive trees on 8,000 acres. Some 750 farmers worked on the programme to produce olive oil.

The government also plans to issue certifications for the marketing and branding of olive oil by the private sector. The project targets plantations over 50,000 acres in the country by 2022. There are many small-scale olive growers in Pakistan, and some of them have started branding and selling them locally. Local producers and sellers are now marketing Pakistani extra-virgin olive oil in the niche domestic markets.

Their pricing strategy largely follows the imported brands. With 12,000 hectares under plantation of olive plants already, and with 4 million hectares of land identified for olive plantation, Pakistan has the potential to become a major player in the long term. However, it needs patient investment, rigorous planning and vigilant execution over the next couple of decades. Thanks to a supportive government, the unmet demand and vast supply of land and olive plants, Pakistan may become the next olive story of the world. There are some major challenges.

First, it is the economies of scale without which it is not likely to reduce the current high level of cost – and hence high prices. This can only be done through land consolidation and corporate farming. Second, quality assurance and standardisation of labels is critical for winning customer trust. Third, investment in branding is an important precondition for getting market share. Fourth, investment in olive demands patient investment – it cannot yield even full-scale production in the first five years and earning of income only follows that.

Lastly, and most importantly, if we cannot sell olive oil at a price which is competitive in terms of substitutes, then this story will not go beyond hypes – of which we have seen a lot lately. The oft-repeated “Pakistan mein bara potential hai” (Pakistan has a lot of potential) is an over-rated statement of half-truth. One needs a realistic assessment and hard work before realising the potential. Pakistan’s emerging olive oil sector presents a similar potential but hopefully it will not face the same fate as others.

The writer is the executive director of PRIME, an independent economic policy think tank based in Islamabad

Published in The Express Tribune, February 28th, 2022.

Prime Comment on Russia Ukraine war

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Prime Comment on Russia Ukraine war

Pakistan needs to maintain a balance between two conflicting trading partners

Countries, especially the developing world, are already struggling to manage domestic and external pressures, which have severely affected the sustenance of the lower-income groups. Pakistan is also experiencing financial troubles with inflation spiraling out of the control. The conflicting parties must strive to resolve conflicts in a peaceful manner and global leaders must play their part in bringing Ukraine and Russia to the table for dialogue on the issues instead of mere imposing sanctions.

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